Analysis Of Aurelius Augustine A Treatise On The Gift Of...

In an attempt to refute the views of a theologian named Pelagius, Aurelius Augustine published a work entitled â€Å"A Treatise on the Gift of Perseverance†, and in this work he explains a view on the gift of perseverance that is not fully in line with what scripture teaches. First I will describe Augustines ideals and stance on Perseverance of the Saints. I will continue by describing that his stance on this topic matter is not entirely coherent with scripture, and then show the overall result his doctrine has had on reformed theology. I will then argue against Augustines doctrine of perseverance from a strictly scriptural standpoint, and show that Augustines use of scripture is not fully encompassing of the whole truth. Aurelius†¦show more content†¦In the year 391, Augustine became presbyter of Hippo, which eventually led to his succession of Bishop of Hippo in 396 (ODonnell). While serving as Bishop of Hippo Augustine went on to publish many works that would passi onately describe his views in an exquisite manner. Several of Aurelius Augustines works were formed in opposition to the views of other christian sects such as his Anti-Donatist, and Anti-Manichean writings. One of Augustines more famed and influential works is his writings against Pelagius. Pelagius was believed to have been born around 354, and his birth place is widely debated upon as being either Britain, or Ireland, and was believed to have died around 418 in Palestine. Pelagius became a well known theologian and felt convicted by the yielding morality of the Romans. He felt that the reason for this very relaxed moral code was due to the view of divine grace. Pelagius believed and preached that mans free will, and own focus on God, would earn them spiritual advancement. This conviction led Pelagius to author his work â€Å"De Libero Arbitrio†, or â€Å"On Free Will†. In this work, Pelagius defended his view that spiritual advancement required a great deal of huma n effort, and that an idea such as perseverance could cause a great deal of moral laziness on the part of Christians. Pelagius published many works on his doctrines, that were often in direct contrast to the views of Augustine, including his view on original

Edgar Allan Poe Research Paper free essay sample

English 10 Honors 13 February 2012 Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe was a sick man that went through a troubling life full of tragedies. For Poe to deal with this he drank and poured his feelings into his works. Honestly as horrible it is that he had to go through all of that we should be grateful because without his suffering these masterpieces wouldn’t have been fabricated. While intensifying his philosophy for short stories Edgar Allan Poe wrote â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† reflecting the characteristics of Dark Romantic Movement. Born on January 19, 1809, Edgar’s childhood was no fairy tale. At age three both his parents died and he was sent to live with a tobacco exporter, John Allan in Richmond, Virginia. There he went to a school academy. 1826 Poe went to University of Virginia but in his last year he left because of depts. Edgar Allan Poe’s work experience started right out of college. We will write a custom essay sample on Edgar Allan Poe Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Edgar went into the army, when he left he had reached the rank of Regimental Sergeant Major (May). From then on a lot of his jobs had much to do with newspapers. He wrote short stories, and then through life began being editor of many different magazines and newspapers. Poe was known as a superlative author for poetry and fiction stories. Of course Poe had some thoughts about others work and for some time was a harsh literary critic. Poe had pointed out that a short story was a different sort of fiction; he said that every single detail in the story should contribute. Poe’s work was a guide for other writers in the same genre. Edgar died on October 7th 1849, a few days after being found passed out in an alley (May). Poe’s short story â€Å"The Fall of the House of the Usher† was first published in 1839. The central theme is terror that arises from the complexity and multiplicity of forces that shape human destiny; evil, isolation and failure to adapt are among some of the other themes (May). It all takes place at the old mansion that has been passed down through generations of the Usher family. The mansion surrounded by fungus and a murky lake around the house. The narrator is beckoned to the remote mansion of his boyhood friend, Roderick Usher. Filled with a sense of dread by the sight of the house itself, the Narrator reunites with his old companion, who is suffering from a strange mental illness and whose sister, Madeline, is near to death due to a mysterious disease. The Narrator provides company to Usher while he paints and plays guitar, spending all his days inside, avoiding the sunlight and obsessing over the sentience of the non-living. When Madeline dies, Usher decides to bury her temporarily in one of his houses large vaults. A few days later, however, she emerges from her provisional tomb, killing her brother while the Narrator flees for his life. The House of Usher splits apart and collapses, wiping away the last remnants of the ancient family. Edgar’s inspiration for this story might have come from true events of the Usher House, located on Bostons Lewis Wharf. As that story goes, a sailor and the young wife of the older owner were caught and entombed in their trysting spot by her husband. When the Usher House was torn down in 1800, two bodies were found embraced in a cavity in the cellar (Neilson). Poe wrote in the literary movement of Dark Romanticism. The Romantic Movement was intellectual and artistic, but Poe’s work took that and added a gothic twist to it. This was a start to the recognition of disarray and darkness. †The Fall of the House of Usher† evident characteristics of the Dark Romantics was it was a haunting narrative, in which madness, gothic horror, and a violent death occur (Robinson). Poe was America’s most controversial writer. His work on â€Å"The Fall of the House of the Usher† was reviewed with such a diverse opinion and earned more conflicting analyses then any of his other works. When reviewing Poe’s work you must never forget the sort of person he was- adroit, conscious craftsman and critic who worked out his ideas with mathematical precision, and yet he was essentially a lyric poet (Neilson). Edgar Allan Poe’s philosophy on short stories was shown through â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, all of the characteristics coming from the Dark Romantic Period.

The florence baptistery Essay Example For Students

The florence baptistery Essay People often try to imitate a finished product if it has become popular. When this is done after several years it is considered a revival. Usually the artist or patron has a purpose such as modeling after a powerful culture or religious significance. They may slightly change or mix other styles to make the best of past and present. In Florence Italy there stands a baptistery. It resides west of the Florence Cathedral, which was modeled after the baptistery. The Cathedral began in 1296 by Arnolfo di Cambio.Although the two resemble each other, they are considered to be from two different styles. The Baptistery of S. We will write a custom essay on The florence baptistery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Giovanni is categorized as Romanesque while the cathedral is considered Gothic. The exterior of the cathedral doesn’t appear to be Gothic, it’s the interior that is.The baptistery possesses an octagonal structure with an extension to the west. This extension was originally an apse. There are doors to the north, south, and east sides. All of the doors are decorated with beautiful sculptures. The first doors were done by Andrea Pisano and set the standards for the next to come. The second set, the first done by Lorenzo Ghiberti, were originally hung on the east end, but were soon moved to the north side to make room for the final set. These final doors, by Ghiberti, have earned the name â€Å"Gates of Paradise.†The name S. Giovanni was given to the baptistery because of the remains of Piazza S Giovanni found beneath the floor in a medieval cemetery. Historians have argued the baptistery’s date for a few hundred years and it is still completely unsure what is it. The first recorded documentation of the baptistery’s existence was March 4th, 897.Many have come to agree that the original constructed was during the 6th and 7th centuries and much of the restoration happened around 1059.Through the years nature’s forces have taken their toll upon the San Giovanni. Several restorations have been made to the exterior and the interior since the 10th century. The most drastic change done would have to be the exterior marble. Around 1293 the corner pilasters were reconstructed with alternating slabs of green and white marble.This technique wasn’t ever seen in the Florentine school and was assumed to have originated in Pisa.The use of alternating marbles and the arcade sills wrap around the entire building. It gives a sense flowing continuity. The arcade is also made up of stripped marble that appears to â€Å"hop† around the baptistery. At the bottom of the arch it flows down the column to the base where it disappears. The empty panels that appear in the arcade emphasize the entire buildings repetitious scheme. The Florence baptistery is considered a revival of classical architecture. The first reason a revival may have occurred could be the fact that it rests on the foundation of an old Roman building.The citizens of Florence believed the baptistery to be a Roman temple dedicated to Mars. The baptistery’s great resemblance of a roman building fed the rumor for a few hundred years. This could have been the beginning reason for the revival of classicism. One interesting fact is that the shape of the baptistery is like the old Roman aqueducts. These were very important in the survival of Roman cities. The aqueducts may have been symbolic for something more, but it has never been proven. The idea of a centrally planned church was also known to be used in classical style architecture.Classical architecture was symmetrical, balanced, and harmonious, all of which are seen in the baptistery.The use of pilasters and columns resemble the classical style of the Parthenon.The columns held up the weight of much of the baptistery. .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 , .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .postImageUrl , .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 , .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28:hover , .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28:visited , .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28:active { border:0!important; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28:active , .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28 .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua26f5bd169dbae3b2d5f4511c65c1c28:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Effects of Aristotelian Teleological Thought on Darwin's Mechanist Essay These columns made the walls seem lighter. This idea was used in early Christian architecture, but it could be seen in late Roman architecture. The pilaster capitals of the baptistery are carved with acanthus leaves. This idea of sculptured capitals comes form Roman type pilasters. The leaves appear to hang form their own weight. The edges even curl under and they seem to grow outward off of the marble. The use of the cloistered vault was also being experimented with in the late Roman era. Cloistered vaults can be seen in the â€Å"Tomb of the Plauttii† and the â€Å"Temple of Diana† at Baia. Height was used in Roman architecture as a metaphor for power and their â€Å"height† their empire rose. The lantern is predominately from antique architecture.The baptistery has a height that is beyond practical value. As reconstruction progressed, some of the Roman influence was lost but much of it is still apparent. The baptistery was the beginning of Roman influence in Florence. A large motivation to the revival of classical architecture was Countess Matilda of Tuscany. She was born in 1046. Her family had the richest estate in Italy. After the death of her father and her two old siblings she obtained the entire estate at the age of 17. Her mother soon married to have allies. She was very well educated and fluent in French, Italian, German, and Latin. As she grew older, Matilda donations to local churches expressed her faith in Christianity. Her mother’s ideas had a great effect on Matilda. She became an avid supporter of the papacy. Historians have said she possessed the ‘Roman-mindedness’ to keep the revival alive.With her help the baptistery’s style survived after the dark ages. Matilda also helped strengthen the economy of Florence. The revival had to have some sort of reasoning behind it. The idea of classicism is derived from ancient Greeks and Romans.The use of classicism is usually symbolic of power. The higher classes were known to relate themselves with this era. They wanted to show their wealth and power through the use of a highly visual and beautiful style. In Latin classical is classicus, which means the highest order of citizenry.Unlike polyfoil churches, like S. Vitale and S. Lorenzo that were made with brick, the baptistery was made with marble. The use of marble, like the Romans, was because it was readily available. A local marble called Florentine macigno was used from Pisa. It was the green marble used to make the alternating colors on the exterior. Many parts of the baptistery show a revival of classicism besides the architecture. The three sets of doors have a classical style to them. The first doors done by Lorenzo Ghiberti show a great deal of classical influence. Ghiberti was an Italian sculptor, goldsmith, and architect. Around this time merchants effected a large part of the economy. The economy was flourishing and the merchants wanted to show their wealth by having the most beautiful sculptures of this time. Most doors around this time were wooden with the sculptures applied to them. Ghiberti’s doors were solid cast of bronze. His doors show a revival in sculpture through the use of naturalistic figures. The reason for this could be they believe it elevated them above others. The artists have recreated something that only God has the power to do. Their sculpture is the closest thing to imitating God’s creatures. Each panel is harmonious with the other. Even though they were done over a several years the style never changed. The panels contain narrative stories of the bible and the figure’s gestures tell the story. Ghiberti used this style because it was one of his studies at the school he attended.The use of revival in Florence reflects their political and economic standings. The classical style was associated with elegance and refinement. The patrons/patronesses wanted to be represented with a style that closely resembled what they thought of themselves. .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 , .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .postImageUrl , .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 , .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1:hover , .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1:visited , .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1:active { border:0!important; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1:active , .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1 .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c23605054ef9bfdd95a0bf83347b5f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What About Polonius Essay Choosing a style is just a way to boost their ego. The use of classicism lets other visitors now that this is city of wealth, sophistication, and history. BibliographyConant, Kenneth John Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture 800 to 1200Penguin Books Ltd. 1959Anthony, Edger W. Early Florentine Architecture and DecorationHacker Art Books, New York , reissued in 1975Jackson, Sir Thomas Graham Renaissance of Roman Architecture, part one ItalyHacker Art Books, Inc. New York, 1975Murry, Peter Renaissance ArchitectureHarry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New YorkGreenhalgh, Michael The Classical Traditions in ArtGerald Duckworth Co. , Ltd 1978Howard, Seymour Antiquity Restored, Essays of the Afterlife of the AntiqueIRSA Verlag GmbH, 1990Turner, Jane The Dictionary of Art, vol. elevenMacmillian Publishers Ltd. Groves Dictionary Inc., New York 1996Horn, Walter Art Bulletin vol. 25, 1943Pg. 112-131Weitzmann, Kurt Age of Spirituality, Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh CenturyThe Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 1979Turner, Jane The Dictionary of Art, vol. sevenMacmillian Publishers Ltd. Groves Dictionary Inc., New York 1996

Compensation and Employement Motivation

Compensation and Employement Motivation Free Online Research Papers Compensation and motivation are two things which go hand in hand in business management. Motivation is important in any field, whether it is a business, armed services or even in sports. On the other hand compensation is an effective lever used world wide to inspire and motivate an individual. It orbits around a common principle of taking extra than the current market standard and giving a performance of hindered and ten percent. It is seen that without motivation an individual cannot perform at its best even if the circumstances are constructive, favorable and conducive (Greer, 2003). In today’s world many organizations operate in very competitive and cutthroat conditions as paramount performance is being demanded by them. They have to recruit those individuals who are best of the best and can take organization to a new pedestal. The concept of performance based payment system is also associated with it. If we take a leaf from history, we come to know that there performance based system was there at the time of industrial revolution in eighteen century in Britain. Then it was fine tuned and was made individual performance based system. The point behind bringing this piece of information is to tell the reader that there has been a lot of work done on this system before and it is something which is not alien in the field of human resource management as it has been practiced years ago. In this paper, compensation and motivation are described in individual at first and then followed by a conclusion in the end (Greer, 2003). Compensation In an organization, one of the most important a manger or a human resource manager has to look after is the compensation plans and how they are going to be implemented. From right left and center, management is bombarded with different advices over what should be the mode of payment but most of the time it is wrong. Compensation itself remains very much influx. Companies have to decide whether to have stock options or bonuses as for compensation and they are not defined or constrained to the higher level only, they run from the top of hierarchy to the end of it. In deciding he compensations, human resource managers have to clearly distinguish between the labor costs and the labor rates. Cutting the labor rates would not cut down the labor costs. If the enterprise is efficiently and efficiently run, it can increase its productivity for example and organization that produces one ton of steel every day needed only thirty men to operate it whereas on the other hand another steel mill that produces same one ton of steel every day has to recruit sixty men to perform the job. So as I have said, all the thing boils down to the productivity. If a firm is more productive, less labour will be required and cost on labour can be reduced significantly. Another thing which needed to be taken care of is the type of person a human resource executive is recruiting for the company. For example if he replaces a person who is taking $2000 a month with a person who is taking $500 a month then he might be replacing an individual much more experienced with an individual who may be a novice (Brown, 2008). This will have a negative effect on the productivity as it would be lowered down (Mathis, 2007). Labor costs would have been put under control by the human resource manager but it would be a futile effort as deteriorating quality of productivity will compel him or her to recruit more individuals which would hence increase the labor costs, while still keeping the labour rates at $500. So the nuthshell of this argument was to see whether you have require best prodcuctivity or lower labor rates. Yes it is quite true that accountants and executives of a firm are quite concerned about the costs too, particularly labour costs in general but every thing have to be crafted with utmost dexterity and agility that there must not be a compromise on productivity. Another thing human resource manager must keep in mind is that he or she should devise the compensation plans by benchmarking the industry standards (Mathis, 2007). It should be competitive and must meet the expectations of the worker. To delineate my argument further I would like to explain it with an example such as of textile industry. If labor is getting wage for $300 per mo nth over there , it might not be necessary that a person employed in the shoe manufacturing industry must be getting the same wage too because the way of doing things might be different so a manger must keep this thing also in check. If a standard wage rate is applied all across the industry, it can hurt employees and can lower down their morale which can lower down the productivity ultimately leading towards losses (Bratton, 1999). Employee Motivation As I have said earlier, compensation and motivation are different things but are linked together. If a company delineates every thing to its employees and pays them a handsome package, an employee would naturally be motivated to do hard work and to produce its best. Yes things can go wrong or in other words deviation might be there if the work environment is not amiable and conducive (Brown, 2008). Basic question which arises over here is that how a company can motivate its people well? Answer lies in some basic and easy steps which need to be followed. Paying an individual well might motivate him to work harder but it might not help him to give his best shot on the field or might not retain him for a long time in the organization. To retain an employee and to keep him inspired, motivated and enthused, an employee must be empowered (Bratton, 1999). This is the only way in which employee feels the ownership of business and can take on decision on trusting its gut feeling which can boost its morale by enhancing decision making power. How it can be done? Well an employee can be motivated if you clearly define him the objective to achieve. In this way he can understand well what is required and can focus on a single thing instead of running bizarre and coming up with nothing leading to a bad performance. Secondly, most of the employees also loose interest in the job because they feel a bit unskilled in their respective positions to perform a job so they must be given refresher courses so they can increase their ability to take daunting tasks and can perform well which can add stars to their appraisal feedback. Thirdly, to motivate an employee, one has to familiarize him or her with the culture surrounding it. Without it one would retain his or her hermit like position in the company which can hurt an organization the most. Being creative and active is what is required in an organization which results in high and outclasses performance making individual stand out of the league (Pfeffer, 1998). Apart from this all, it is always advised to the human resource manager that he or she must sit down and discuss the job description with the employee. In this way the human resource manager gets to know about the employee well and can also delineate what is required by him. In this way a partner profile is being made in which critical behaviors, attitudes and skills are defined by the employee to the employer. The employee on the other hand can tell the manager of how he would like the things to be handled and what he will do at what wage rate. It creates a common understanding between the company and the employee which creates a good rapport between each other and hence can play a vital role in employee to be motivated (Cappelli, 2008). Conclusion Summing up the whole debate, I would like to reiterate it again that there has been a hidden or latent relationship between the compensation and employee motivation. Yes sometimes, compensation is not always the main thing as job security, environment and company’s culture also plays a part in keeping an employee motivated. There are many examples which clearly tells us that compensation is not the only thing left to be watched, people have left lucrative jobs just because of the fact that they have not been well adjusted in the environment. This happens in most of the organizations especially in multi national companies where cross cultural issues come in notice. If this happens much more stress is to be laid on the motivation side instead of making compensation more lucrative. Adjusting and assimilating an employee well into a system and retaining him for the rest and making him perform at his or her best for the rest of the life should be the main goal of an executive runni ng the company. References: Bratton, J (1999). Human resource management: Theory and practice. McMillan press Limited. Brown, D (2008, september,01). Measuring The Effectiveness Of Pay And Rewards: The Achilles. Compensation and Benefits Review, 40, Retrieved November 28,2008, from http://cbr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/40/5/23 Cappelli, P (2008, March). Talent Management for the twenty-first century. Harvard Business Review, Reprint: R0803E, 107-117. Greer, C (2003). Strategic human resource management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Mathis, R (2007). Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: South-Western College Publication. Pfeffer, J (1998, May). Six dangerous myths about pay. Harvard Business Review, Product no. 6773, 109-119. Research Papers on Compensation and Employement MotivationThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part OnePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyDefinition of Export Quotas

Gypsies in the Holocaust - Forgotten Victims

Gypsies in the Holocaust - Forgotten Victims The Gypsies of Europe were registered, sterilized, ghettoized, and then deported to concentration and death camps by the Nazis before and during World War II. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 Gypsies were murdered during the Holocaust- an event they call the Porajmos (the Devouring.) A Short History Approximately a thousand years ago, several groups of people migrated from northern India, dispersing throughout Europe over the next several centuries. Though these people were part of several tribes (the largest of which are the Sinti and Roma), the settled peoples called them by a collective name, Gypsies- which stems from the one-time belief that they had come from Egypt. Nomadic, dark-skinned, non-Christian, speaking a foreign language (Romani), not tied to the land- Gypsies were very different from the settled peoples of Europe. Misunderstandings of Gypsy culture created suspicions and fears, which in turn led to rampant speculation, stereotypes, and biased stories. Many of these stereotypes and stories are still readily believed. Throughout the following centuries, non-Gypsies (Gaje) continually tried to either assimilate Gypsies or kill them. Attempts to assimilate Gypsies involved stealing their children and placing them with other families; giving them cattle and feed, expecting them to become farmers; outlawing their customs, language, and clothing as well as forcing them to attend school and church. Decrees, laws, and mandates often allowed the killing of Gypsies. In 1725 King Frederick William I of Prussia ordered all Gypsies over 18 years old to be hanged. A practice of Gypsy hunting was common- a game hunt similar to fox hunting. Even as late as 1835, a Gypsy hunt in Jutland (Denmark) brought in a bag of over 260 men, women, and children, write Donald Kenrick and Grattan Puxon. Though Gypsies had undergone centuries of such persecution, it remained relatively random and sporadic until the 20th century when the negative stereotypes became intrinsically molded into a racial identity, and the Gypsies were systematically slaughtered. Under the Third Reich The persecution of Gypsies started at the very beginning of the Third Reich. Gypsies were arrested and interned in concentration camps as well as sterilized under the July 1933 Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring. In the beginning, Gypsies were not specifically named as a group that threatened the Aryan, German people. This was because, under Nazi racial ideology, Gypsies were Aryans. The Nazis had a problem: How could they persecute a group enveloped in negative stereotypes but supposedly part of the Aryan super race? Nazi racial researchers eventually came upon a so-called scientific reason to persecute most of the Gypsies. They found their answer in Professor Hans F. K. Gà ¼nthers book Rassenkunde Europas (Anthropology of Europe) where he wrote: The Gypsies have indeed retained some elements from their Nordic home, but they are descended from the lowest classes of the population in that region. In the course of their migrations, they have absorbed the blood of the surrounding peoples, and have thus become an Oriental, western-Asiatic racial mixture, with an addition of Indian, mid-Asiatic, and European strains. Their nomadic mode of living is a result of this mixture. The Gypsies will generally affect Europe as aliens. With this belief, the Nazis needed to determine who was pure Gypsy and who was mixed. Thus, in 1936, the Nazis established the Racial Hygiene and Population Biology Research Unit, with Dr. Robert Ritter at its head, to study the Gypsy problem and to make recommendations for Nazi policy. As with the Jews, the Nazis needed to determine who was to be considered a Gypsy. Dr. Ritter decided that someone could be considered a Gypsy if they had one or two Gypsies among his grandparents or if two or more of his grandparents are part-Gypsies. Kenrick and Puxon blame Dr. Ritter for the additional 18,000 German Gypsies who were killed because of this more inclusive designation, rather than if the same rules had been followed as were applied to Jews, who had have three or four Jewish grandparents to be considered Jews. To study Gypsies, Dr. Ritter, his assistant Eva Justin, and his research team visited the Gypsy concentration camps (Zigeunerlagers) and examined thousands of Gypsies- documenting, registering, interviewing, photographing, and finally categorizing them. It was from this research that Dr. Ritter formulated that 90% of Gypsies were of mixed blood, thus dangerous. Having established a scientific reason to persecute 90% of the Gypsies, the Nazis needed to decide what to do with the other 10%- the ones who were nomadic and appeared to have the least number of Aryan qualities. At times Interior Minister Heinrich  Himmler discussed letting the pure Gypsies roam relatively freely and also suggested a special reservation for them. Assumably as part of one of these possibilities, nine Gypsy representatives were selected in October 1942 and told to create lists of Sinti and Lalleri to be saved. There must have been confusion within the Nazi leadership. Many wanted all Gypsies killed, with no exceptions. On December 3, 1942,  Martin Bormann  wrote in a letter to Himmler: ... special treatment would mean a fundamental deviation from the simultaneous measures for fighting the Gypsy menace and would not be understood at all by the population and lower leaders of the party. Also the Fà ¼hrer would not agree to giving one section of the Gypsies their old freedom. Though the Nazis did not discover a scientific reason to kill the 10% of Gypsies categorized as pure, no distinctions made when Gypsies were ordered to  Auschwitz  or deported to the other death camps. By the end of the war, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 Gypsies were murdered in the Porajmos- killing approximately three-fourths of the German Gypsies and half of the Austrian Gypsies. For an overview of all that happened to the Gypsies during the Third Reich, there is a  timeline  to help outline the process from Aryan to annihilation. Sources Friedman, Philip. The Extermination of the Gypsies: Nazi Genocide of an Aryan People.  Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust, Ed. Ada June Friedman. Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980, New York.ï » ¿Kenrick, Donald and Puxon, Grattan.  The Destiny of Europes Gypsies. Basic Books, 1972, New York.

Term Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Term Paper - Essay Example Leinberger in his book explains the emerging trend of the established system among Americans, who prefer to create a stable community t based on the adaptations that they have created in the design of the urban system. The Option for Urbanism had been written to highlight the provisions derived from the created system with challenges and opportunities explained for the system. Societal individuals prefer easier measures that develop their physical and emotional conditions positively towards the challenges faced. The explanation is also accorded of the system that has been developed by the government over the recent times towards what had been termed as drivable suburb. With the emphasis placed on reviving the economy and generation of profit, the advancement in the communal policies has declined with developed health hazards and environmental degradation. Leinberger’s book has been written to highlight both advancements and challenges of the witnessed system according the need ed options to regulate the system. Through careful analysis of The Option of Urbanism, the lesson is developed of the provisions needed in generating a successful and sustainable society. The aspect under consideration in Leinberger’s book has been the societal setting within the urban setting. He explains that the trend established had been charged with setting the lifestyle that favored development of the existing resources. Humanity within the urban centers had preferred to attain venues that could be applied in the completion of multiple tasks. Not only had satisfaction been the solution derived from the system, but the challenges had also incorporated the influences on the environment. The variable economic sectors created within the society had been created on the motive to develop the economy. However, the consequences for the creation of the system that sustained the individuals had been created at a dire cost of lowering the health status. The harmful effects that ha d been noticed from the system had been degraded living condition and the environmental threat of carbon gases emission. The differentiated sectors like financial and the real estate community had to be developed following an established pattern to accord a productive venture (Leinberger, 2008). The sustainability of the system had been varied on the financial, social and environmental sector. Leinberger (2008) explained that these systems had been the vital provision to generate the desired measures that created peaceful and healthy relations within the society. The urban system had been based on the development attributes that considered the measures needed to obtain success. Without the regulation of the system created that provided for development structures similar within the entire sixty years of development, the challenge witnessed would be in accommodating the increasing number of individuals. There should be the balance of these entities to establish satisfaction within the member of the society and develop a system that would be flexible to the witnessed changes. The creation and development of the structures within the urban centers should be advanced into the system that considers human mobility as compared to other facilities within the system. The spaces designed within the system had be

Exam Of Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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