Pepsi Co And Competitors Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2421 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In this report it has been critically done the analysis of financial statements of PepsiCo along with the comparison of close and distant competitors existing in the industry. In this report it has also been tried the way how to calculate financial statements ratios with definitions and their calculated ratios interpretations in an easy language to make this report easily understandable for any potential reader. I tried to explain how companies try to get tax benefits and the possibilities to reduce taxable amount paid to the government. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Pepsi Co And Competitors Example For Free" essay for you Create order I also provided suggestions how to maintain senior debt rating. Debt side of the balance sheet has been investigated critically in depth to provide sound knowledge to the actual and potential readers of financial statements of PepsiCo. The possible advantages and disadvantages of debts have also been listed. I am sure this report is easy to read and understand for those who do not have accounting and finance background knowledge. 1. Calculate PepsiCos net debt ratio, assuming that the present value of operating leases is five times the annual rental expense and that remitting the cash and marketable securities to the United States reduces them by 25% due to taxes and transaction costs. 20 marks Net Debt Ratio (L): L= Market value of total debt + present value of operating lease commitments cash and marketable securities à · ( No. of common shares ÃÆ'Æ’- Common Stock Price ) + Market value of total debt + Present value of operating lease commitments Cash and marketable securities L= (D + PVOL CMS)__ (NP + D + PVOL CMS) Where; D is the total market value of debt; $18,119,000,000 PVOL is the present value of operating lease commitments; 294,000,000 ÃÆ'Æ’- 5 = $1,470,000,000 CMS is cash and marketable securities; 382,000,000 + 116,000,000 = $498,000,000 N is the number of common shares 790,000,000 P is the common stock price $55.875 L= 18,119,000,000 + 1,470,000,000 498,000,000______________________ (790,000,000 ÃÆ'Æ’- 55.875) + 18,119,000,000 + 1,470,000,000 498,000,000 L = 19,091,000,000 63,232,250,000 L = 0.301 ÃÆ'Æ’-100 L = 30.1% If the present value of operating lease is reduced by 25%: D is the total market value of debt; $18,119,000,000 PVOL is the present value of operating lease commitments; 294,000,000 ÃÆ'Æ’- 5 = $1,470,000,000 ÃÆ'Æ’- 0.75 = 1,102,500,000 CMS is cash and marketable securities; 382,000,000 + 116,000,000 = $498,000,000 N is the number of common shares 790,000,000 P is the common stock price $55.875 L = 18,119,000,000 + 1,102,500,000 498,000,000_____________________ (790,000,000 ÃÆ'Æ’- 55.875) + 18,119,000,000 + 1,102,500,000 498,000,000 L = 18,723,500,000 62,864,750,000 L = 0.297ÃÆ'Æ’-100 L = 29.7% 2. For each firm in Exhibit 5, calculate the interest coverage ratio, the fixed charge coverage ratio, the long-term debt ratio, the total debt to adjusted total capitalization (recall that adjusted capitalization includes short-term debt), the ratio of cash flow to long-term debt, and the ratio of cash flow to total debt. 20 marks Interest Coverage Ratio: This analysis tool is used to measure how many times a company can pay interest payments on its debts on its earnings before interests and taxes. If the interest coverage ratio is higher, the company has low debt load and there is a less chances of bankruptcy. This ratio is important for those who have provided debt to the company or they are going to provide debt to the company because by analyzing this ratio they can find that the company can make interest payments easily when debt is provided to them. The higher the ratio, the lesser the risk is supposed by the creditors. A company usually prefers to have debt in order to take tax benefit when deducting interest payments as expenses which decrease the income which has to be taxed. This ratio is dependent on earnings before taxes by a company. The higher the earnings, the higher the ratio and the lower the interest payments, the higher the ratio. Interest Coverage Ratio = Earnings before Interest Taxes Interest Expenses Pepsi: = 3,114 682 = 4.565 Times Cadbury Schweppes: = 661 135 = 4.896 Times Coca-Cola: = 4,600 272 = 16.911 Times Coca-Cola Enterprises: = 471 326 = 1.444 Times Mc Donalds: = 2,509 340 = 7.379 Times Interest Coverage Ratio-Summary: Pepsi Cadbury Schweppes Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Enterprises Mc. Donalds 4.565 Times 4.896 Times 16.911 Times 1.444 Times 7.379 Times Interpretation: Pepsi has competitive interest coverage ratio amongst the competitive firms. 4.565 exhibits that Pepsi can make 4.565 times payment of the total interest payment which are basically interest on debts acquired by Pepsi. Fixed charge coverage ratio: A measure of a companys ability to pay its  fixed expenses, such as  rent  and  interest, on debt without resorting to more  debt. A ratio over 1 indicates that the company is able to pay its fixed charges, while a ratio below one indicates the opposite.  (Farlex Financial Dictionary, 2009) This analysis tool is used to calculate how many times a company can pay its fixed interest payments. This ratio gives high value if the earning before taxes increases over the years. This ratio is important for those institutions which are planning to provide long term debt to the company and are supposed to receive fixed amount of payments i.e. interest over the years. Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = Earnings before Interest Taxes + Fixed Charges (before taxes) Fixed Charges (before taxes) + Interest Expenses Pepsi: = 3,114 + 479 + 682 479 + 682 = 3.682 Times Cadbury Schweppes: = 661 + 25 + 135 25 + 135 = 5.131 Times Coca-Cola: = 4,600 + 272 272 = 17.911 Times Coca-Cola Enterprises: = 471 + 31 + 326 31 + 326 = 2.319 Times Mc Donalds: = 2,509 + 498 + 340 498 + 340 = 3.994 Times Fixed charge coverage ratio-Summary: Pepsi Cadbury Schweppes Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Enterprises Mc. Donalds 3.682 Times 5.131 Times 17.911 Times 2.319 Times 3.994 Times Interpretation: Pepsi has competitive fixed charge coverage ratio amongst the competitive firms. 3.682 exhibits that Pepsi can make 3.682 times payment of the fixed payment which are basically interest on long term debts. Long-term debt ratio: This analysis tool is used to measure a companys financial leverage. Long term debt is usually referred to debt acquired by the company for more than financial year of the company. Firms do debt financing to take tax benefits. This ratio is calculated by using data of previous financial year which is beneficial to the firms which are planning to provide long term debt to the firm. A firm has to maintain balance between debt financing and equity financing. Long-term debt ratio = Long term debt_________________ Long term debt + Preferred Stock + Common Stock Pepsi: = 8,747_____ 8,747 + 44,029.5 = 0.165 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 16.5% Cadbury Schweppes: = 864_____ 864 + 8,702.2 = 0.090 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 9% Coca-Cola: = 1,141______ 1,141 + 100,810.15 = 0.011 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 1.11% Coca-Cola Enterprises: = 4,138____ 4,138 + 3,856.5 = 0.517 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 51.7% Mc Donalds: = 4,258_____ 4,258 + 33,585.6 = 0.112 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 11.2% Long-term debt ratio-Summary: Pepsi Cadbury Schweppes Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Enterprises Mc. Donalds 16.50% 9% 1.11% 51.70% 11.20% Interpretation: Pepsi has a good long term debt ratio which exhibits that 16.50% of total assets own by the creditors who provided long term debt to Pepsi. Although close competitor i.e. Coca-cola has less long term debt ratio than Pepsi which shows less risky long term debt financing obtained by Coca-Cola. The total debt to adjusted total capitalization: This analysis tool is used to measure a companys total equity contribution by the shareholders and creditors. Company raises total equities by offering shares to the market and by acquiring debt from the financial institutions. Total debt includes long term debt and short term debt. Long term debt is usually referred to debt acquired by the company for more than financial year of the company, whereas, short term debt is referred to debt acquired by the company for less than its financial year. Firms usually do debt financing to take tax benefits. This ratio is calculated by using data of previous financial year which is beneficial to the firms which are planning to provide long term and short term debt to the firm. A firm has to maintain balance between total debt and total shareholders equity. Lenders mostly want a firm to maintain low this ratio because it guards and decrease risk for both the company and lenders in order to efficiently meet liquidity situation easily. A company has to maintain this ratio which varies company to company and industry to industry. The total debt to adjusted total capitalization = Total debt____ Total debt + Equity Pepsi: = 9,453______ 9,453 + 44,029.5 = 0.176 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 17.6% Cadbury Schweppes: = 1,490____ 1,490 + 8,702.2 = 0.146 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 14.6% Coca-Cola: = 1,693______ 1,693 + 100,810.15 = 0.016 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 1.6% Coca-Cola Enterprises: = 4,201____ 4,201 + 3,856.5 = 0.521 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 52.1% Mc Donalds: = 4,836_____ 4,836 + 33,585.6 = 0.125 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 12.5% The total debt to adjusted total capitalization-Summary: Pepsi Cadbury Schweppes Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Enterprises Mc. Donalds 17.60% 15% 1.60% 52.10% 12.50% Interpretation: Pepsi has more total debt ratio if compared with the close competitor i.e. Coca-Cola which has 1.60% total debt ratio. 17.60% exhibits that this percentage of total assets has been provided by the lenders. In other words, lenders own 17.60% assets of Pepsi or 17.60% of total equity is provided by the lenders. The ratio of cash flow to long-term debt: The  cash flow to long term debt ratio  appraises the adequacy of available funds to pay obligations. A cash flow coverage ratio that measures how much cash is available to pay for long-term debt. This ratio is a good indicator of potential bankruptcy. (Your Dictionary, 2010) The ratio of cash flow to long-term debt = Operating cash flow_____ Market value of long-term debt Pepsi: = 3,742 8,747 = 0.427 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 42.7% Cadbury Schweppes: = 492 864 = 0.569 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 56.9% Coca-Cola: = 3,115 1,141 = 2.730 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 273% Coca-Cola Enterprises: = 644_ 4,138 = 0.155 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 15.5% Mc Donalds: = 2,296 4,258 = 0.539 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 53.9% The ratio of cash flow to long-term debt-Summary: Pepsi Cadbury Schweppes Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Enterprises Mc. Donalds 42.70% 57% 273.00% 15.50% 53.90% Interpretation: Pepsi has 42.70% of availability of cash flow to pay long term debt obligations. Pepsi has less cash flow to long term debt as compared with close competitor i.e. Coca-Cola which has a very good 273% of cash flow to pay long term debts. Pepsi should increase the percentage of cash flow to long term debt to maintain competitive percentage with the close and distant competitors of it in the industry. The ratio of cash flow to total debt: This analysis tool is used to explain the availability of cash flow to pay total debt acquired by a firm. According to me this is a rational way to consider the payments because companies cash flow statements changes drastically on the daily basis. This may be calculated to answer a question that something is better to evaluate than nothing. Ratio of cash flow to total debt = Operating cash flow Total debt Pepsi: = 3,742 9,453 = 0.395 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 39.5% Cadbury Schweppes: = 492 1,490 = 0.330 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 33% Coca-Cola: = 3,115 1,693 = 1.839 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 183.9% Coca-Cola Enterprises: = 644_ 4,201 = 0.153 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 15.3% Mc Donalds: = 2,296 4,836 = 0.474 ÃÆ'Æ’- 100 = 47.4% The ratio of cash flow to total debt-Summary: Pepsi Cadbury Schweppes Coca-Cola Coca-Cola Enterprises Mc. Donalds 39.50% 33% 183.90% 15.30% 47.40% Interpretation: Pepsi has 39.50% of availability of cash flow to pay total debt commitment. Pepsi has less cash flow to total debt as compared with close competitor i.e. Coca-Cola which has a very good 183.90% of cash flow to pay total debts acquired from lenders. Pepsi should increase the percentage of cash flow to total debt to maintain competitive percentage with the close and distant competitors of it in the industry. 3. Suppose PepsiCos real objective is to maintain a single-A senior debt rating. Does its net debt ratio target seem reasonable, or would you recommend a different target? 10 marks Senior debt ratings represent the opinions of the rating agencies with respect to the creditworthiness and financial ability of an obligor to meet its senior unsecured financial obligations and contracts. Ratings provide both industry participants and consumers with meaningful information on specific companies and have become an increasingly important factor in establishing the competitive position of companies in the industry. Rating agencies continually review the financial performance and condition of companies and higher ratings generally indicate financial stability and a strong ability to meet financial obligations. Each of the rating agencies reviews its ratings periodically and there can be no assurance that current ratings will be maintained in the future. (Humana, 2010) Advantages of Debt to the Company The cost is limited and known and cheaper than the cost of equity (because it is less risky to the investor who therefore requires a lower required rate of return). The interest is tax-deductible, unlike dividend payments, which makes the cost even cheaper in comparison to equity. There is no dilution of control when debt is issued. The cost of acquiring equity financing is more than the cost of financing that is why debt financing is preferred. The debt can be terminated (if a call provision was included). Disadvantages of Debt to the Company There is always the possibility of default if income is low. The company must pay interest, even if it means taking out additional debt to do so. The cost of equity rises as more debt is used. The higher leverage results in higher risk to shareholders who will require a higher rate of return. The net debt ratio target of PepsiCo of 29.7% exhibits that 29.7% of total assets provided by lenders or creditors. This ratio is useful for lenders which assist them to find out how much they are save if the PepsiCo is declared insolvent. According to my analysis, the method and the derived percentage of target senior debt rating is rational approach because it has the three out of five major elements which are assumed to impact on the capital structure decision making. The debt rating provides the information about the firms capacity to service its debt. It also provide sound information about the degree of protection afforded by the liquidity of the firms assets, and mainly find out t he firms simplicity of access to the capital markets. A target senior debt rating of single-A is a sensible objective for PepsiCo because it is the lowest rating that has allowed historically the issuer to maintain constant access to the capital markets. Net debt ratio seems reasonable because of many reasons. One of them is the cost of equity is not clearly mentioned on the income statement, whereas, the cost of debt i.e. interest expense is recorded. Debt financing is less expensive than equity financing because the debtors can claim firstly if the firm is declared to be insolvent. It is easy to forget that debt is a cheaper source of funding for the company than equity. Debt is less risky than equity that is why investors get low return; this interprets into an  interest rate  that is lower than the expected  total shareholder return  on equity. Firms get tax benefits because the amount of interest paid is tax deductible. Tax is one of the important areas for firms which monitor critically so that the firms can find out ways to decrease the taxable amount paid to the government authority. Debt ratio rated A has a strong capacity to pay interest and repay principal. One reason PepsiCo should adopt a lower percentage of financial leverage in the industry it could be more attractive for the stakeholders of PepsiCo. Another reason would be if the firm had a higher proportion of intangible assets than the cross section of firms. A third reason would be if the firm cannot fully use its interest tax credits. The net debt ratio of 29.7% is low leverage ratio which may decrease PepsiCos coverage to risk and business declination. This decrease in risk brings the potential for lower returns. PepsiCo is generally considered safer because it has a low net debt ratio, though a very low ratio indicates excessive caution. Conclusion: Generally, lower net debt ratio is better because it means that the firm is using more of owners capital and retained earnings to finance its assets. It means less risk to creditors. Company can borrow additional funds with relative ease. Keeping the low net debt ratio is attractive to all the actual and potential users of financial statements of PepsiCo.

Racism in Maya Angelous I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings...

Racism in Maya Angelous I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Maya Angelou, the current poet laureate of the United States, has become for many people an exemplary role model. She read an original poem at the inauguration of President Clinton; she has also appeared on the television show Touched by an Angel, and there read another poem of her own composition; she lectures widely, inspiring young people to aim high in life. Yet this is an unlikely beginning for a woman who, by the age of thirty, had been San Franciscos first black streetcar conductor; an unmarried mother; the madam of a San Diego brothel; a prostitute, a showgirl, and an actress (Lichtler, 861927397.html). Her book I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings argues persuasively†¦show more content†¦In another instance, Angelou describes an incident in which she had a terrible toothache from two abscessed teeth. Since her grandmother (whom Maya called Momma) had once loaned money to a white dentist, Momma decided to take Angelou to him to see if he would treat her teeth, despite the fact that white doctors did not normally treat blacks. The dentist refused, telling Momma that hed rather stick [his] hand in a dogs mouth than in a niggers (Angelou, 160). In another instance, a group of po white trash children confront Momma at her store, taunting her. As Renee Barlow notes, They were represented as clownish, dirty, and rather silly. On the other hand, Mama simply stood like a rock and sang the Gospel. Her beauty of soul versus their disgusting antics creates a powerful scene about the nature of the oppressed and the oppressor. Marguerite, meanwhile, lies crouched behind the screen in agony at the inability of her class to command respect simply because of their color. Then, as the scene progresses, she understands that in spite of the disparity of power between the powhite trash and Mama, Mama has won (Barlow, 861927397.html). She has won not because she has outsmarted the white youths or even -- strictly speaking -- overpowered them, but because she has outclassed them. This is a powerful lesson for a child to learn, and one that wouldShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Racism in Maya Angelou’s Novel, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings 842 Words   |  3 PagesIn this essay I will be talking about how the theme of Racism is developed throughout Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings novel. Angelou on the second page states, â€Å"Wouldn’t they be surprised when one day I woke out of my black ugly dream, and my real hair, which was long and blond, would take the place of the kinky mass that Momma wouldn’t let me straighten? My light-blue eyes were going to hypnotize them, after all the things they said about â€Å"my daddy must have been a Chinaman†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (AngelouRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1482 Words   |  6 Pages Maya Angelou tells of her life experiences and struggles in her book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† that gives us insight about Maya’s life as a young black girl growing up in a time of racism. The novel discusses various forms of oppression that she had to face as well cope with them. Robert A. Gross wrote an analysis for Newsweek about the book and claimed that Angelou’s book is not only an interesting story of her own experience, but also a portrayal of a Southern black communityRead MoreIgnorance And Racism In I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings706 Words   |  3 Pagesstory or novel. The book I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou has three prominent motifs which are represented throughout the book. Ignorance and illiteracy, self-esteem, and racism are all present motifs in Maya Angelou’s autobiographical novel. Ignorance and illiteracy are displayed by Momma and Maya, respectively. Momma displays ignorance when she does not understand the new slang of the times and Maya show illiteracy when she gets pregnant by accident. Maya struggles with being a NegroRead MoreMaya Angelou1001 Words   |  5 PagesMa ya Angelou You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness. But still, like air, Ill rise. Have you ever been so influenced by such a small amount of powerful words? This brilliant quote extracted from Maya Angelous own poem, Still I Rise, basically brings out the spirit and nature of each of her publications. Maya Angelous works of poetry are seen as inspiration for those who have been discriminated for their public appearances. AsRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Analysis1661 Words   |  7 PagesSociety today has an upheaving amount of problems that span from racism, poverty, persecution, and war, etc. Banners of books are attempting to eradicate any written piece that touches on the mere obstacles of society. The people who hold the vandalism tools in this situation are parents, who have children in the public school system. One book at a time, they annihilate authors and classic novels, themes, and genres in ord er to get their agenda across. The First Amendment to The United States ConstitutionRead MoreLiterary Elements Of Maya Angelou1976 Words   |  8 PagesLiterary Elements of Maya Angelou and Toni Morrison Maya Angelou was born on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. She was a writer and civil rights activist best known for her 1969 memoir, â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.† As a young child Angelou witnessed her parents’ divorce and she and her brother were sent to live with their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. While in Arkansas, she constantly experienced racism and discrimination, and she was able to translate the emotions that she felt, intoRead More Maya Angelou: Hope into Art Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesMaya Angelou: Hope into Art      Ã‚  Ã‚   Before delving into a discussion of celebrated writer Maya Angelou, a fuller understanding of the worldview that shapes her work can be gleaned from a brief review of a few lines from the 1962 Nobel Prize winning speech of another celebrated writer, John Steinbeck:    The writer is delegated to declare and to celebrate mans proven capacity for greatness of heart and spirit--for gallantry in defeat, for courage, compassion and love. In the endless warRead MoreLiterary Analysis of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Essay2756 Words   |  12 PagesEnglish 2 Professor Padilla Themes of Racism and Segregation in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the novel I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou. Specifically it will discuss the themes of racism and segregation, and how these strong themes are woven throughout this moving autobiography. Maya Angelou recounts the story of her early life, including the racism and segregation she experiences throughoutRead MoreMaya Angelou655 Words   |  3 PagesMa 2(1565443) Maya Angelou is known as the â€Å"most visible black female autobiographer/poet.† She was born, Marguerite Ann Johnson, on April fourth, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri. Her parents divorced when she was three, and she and her brother were sent to live with their grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Seeing all the racial discrimination in the American south strengthened her passion for poetry, music, dance and performance. Maya writes about the struggles people face, racism and freedom. At ageRead MoreMaya Angelou s I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings1888 Words   |  8 Pages Maya Angelou once said â€Å"We may encounter many defeats but we must not be defeated† and this phrase speaks volume in comparison to Angelou’s life story. She was born Marguerite Ann Johnson on April 4th, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. The name Maya was given to her by her older brother, Bailey Jr. Maya Angelou is not only a sister, but also an inspirational role model, a mother, an author, a poet, a civil rights activist, and an actor. In 1969 Angelou’s world renowned book â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird

Forward the Foundation Chapter 10 Free Essays

6 The weather was holding up over the undomed area of the Imperial Palace grounds-warm and sunny. It didn’t often happen. Hari remembered Dors telling him once how this particular area with its cold winters and frequent rains had been chosen as the site. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"It wasn’t actually chosen,† she said. â€Å"It was a family estate of the Morovian family in the early days of the Kingdom of Trantor. When the Kingdom became an Empire, there were numerous sites where the Emperor could live-summer resorts, winter places, sports lodges, beach properties. And, as the planet was slowly domed, one reigning Emperor, living here, liked it so much that it remained undomed. And, just because it was the only area left undomed, it became special-a place apart-and that uniqueness appealed to the next Emperor†¦ and the next†¦ and the next†¦ And so, a tradition was born.† And as always, when hearing something like that, Seldon would think: And how would psychohistory handle this? Would it predict that one area would remain undomed but be absolutely unable to say which area? Could it go even so far? Could it predict that several areas would remain undomed or none-and be wrong? How could it account for the personal likes and dislikes of an Emperor who happened to be on the throne at the crucial time and who made a decision in a moment of whimsy and nothing more. That way lay chaos-and madness. Cleon I was clearly enjoying the good weather. â€Å"I’m getting old, Seldon,† he said. â€Å"I don’t have to tell you that. We’re the same age, you and I. Surely it’s a sign of age when I don’t have the impulse to play tennis or go fishing, even though they’ve newly restocked the lake, but am willing to walk gently over the pathways.† He was eating nuts as he spoke, which resembled what on Seldon’s native world of Helicon would have been called pumpkin seeds, but which were larger and a little less delicate in taste. Cleon cracked them gently between his teeth, peeled the thin shells and popped the kernels into his mouth. Seldon did not like the taste particularly but, of course, when he was offered some by the Emperor, he accepted them and ate a few. The Emperor had a number of shells in his hand and looked vaguely around for a receptacle of some sort that he could use for disposal. He saw none, but he did notice a gardener standing not far away, his body at attention (as it should be in the Imperial presence) and his head respectfully bowed. Cleon said, â€Å"Gardener!† The gardener approached quickly. â€Å"Sire!† â€Å"Get rid of these for me,† he said, tapping the shells into the gardener’s hand. â€Å"Yes, Sire.† Seldon said, â€Å"I have a few, too, Gruber.† Gruber held out his hand and said, almost shyly, â€Å"Yes, First Minister.† He hurried away and the Emperor looked after him curiously. â€Å"Do you know the fellow, Seldon?† â€Å"Yes, indeed, Sire. An old friend.† â€Å"The gardener is an old friend? What is he? A mathematical colleague fallen on hard times?† â€Å"No, Sire. Perhaps you remember the story. It was the time when†-he cleared his throat, searching for the most tactful way to recall the incident-â€Å"the sergeant threatened my life shortly after I was appointed to my present post through your kindness.† â€Å"The assassination attempt.† Cleon looked up to heaven, as though seeking patience. â€Å"I don’t know why everyone is so afraid of that word.† â€Å"Perhaps,† said Seldon smoothly, slightly despising himself for the ease with which he had become able to flatter, â€Å"the rest of us are more perturbed at the possibility of something untoward happening to our Emperor than you yourself are.† Cleon smiled ironically. â€Å"I dare say. And what has this to do with Gruber? Is that his name?† â€Å"Yes, Sire. Mandell Gruber. I’m sure you will recall, if you cast your mind back, that there was a gardener who came rushing up with a rake to defend me against the armed sergeant.† â€Å"Ah yes. Was that fellow the gardener who did that?† â€Å"He was the man, Sire. I’ve considered him a friend ever since and I meet him almost every time I am on the grounds. I think he watches for me, feels proprietary toward me. And, of course, I feel kindly toward him.† â€Å"I don’t blame you. And while we’re on the subject, how is your formidable lady, Dr. Venabili? I don’t see her often.† â€Å"She’s a historian, Sire. Lost in the past.† â€Å"She doesn’t frighten you? She’d frighten me. I’ve been told how she treated that sergeant. One could almost be sorry for him.† â€Å"She grows savage on my behalf, Sire, but has not had occasion to do so lately. It’s been very quiet.† The Emperor looked after the disappearing gardener. â€Å"Have we ever rewarded that man?† â€Å"I have done so, Sire. He has a wife and two daughters and I have arranged that each daughter will have a sum of money put aside for the education of any children she may have.† â€Å"Very good. But he needs a promotion, I think. Is he a good gardener?† â€Å"Excellent, Sire.† â€Å"The Chief Gardener, Malcomber-I’m not quite sure I remember his name-is getting on and is, perhaps, not up to the job anymore. He is well into his late seventies. Do you think this Gruber might be able to take over?† â€Å"I’m certain he can, Sire, but he likes his present job. It keeps him out in the open in all kinds of weather.† â€Å"A peculiar recommendation for a job. I’m sure he can get used to administration and I do need someone for some sort of renewal of the grounds. Hmmm. I must think upon this. Your friend Gruber may be just the man I need. By the way, Seldon, what did you mean by saying it’s been very quiet?† â€Å"I merely meant, Sire, that there has been no sign of discord at the Imperial Court. The unavoidable tendency to intrigue seems to be as near a minimum as it is ever likely to get.† â€Å"You wouldn’t say that if you were Emperor, Seldon, and had to contend with all these officials and their complaints. How can you tell me things are quiet when reports seem to reach me every other week of some serious breakdown here and there on Trantor?† â€Å"These things are bound to happen.† â€Å"I don’t recall such things happening so frequently in previous years.† â€Å"Perhaps that was because they didn’t, Sire. The infrastructure grows older with time. To make the necessary repairs properly would take time, labor, and enormous expense. This is not a time when a rise in taxes will be looked on favorably.† â€Å"There’s never any such time. I gather that the people are experiencing serious dissatisfaction over these breakdowns. It must stop and you must see to it, Seldon. What does psychohistory say?† â€Å"It says what common sense says, that everything is growing older.† â€Å"Well, all this is quite spoiling the pleasant day for me. I leave it in your hands, Seldon.† â€Å"Yes, Sire,† said Seldon quietly. The Emperor strode off and Seldon thought that it was all spoiling the pleasant day for him, too. This breakdown at the center was the alternative he didn’t want. But how was he to prevent it and switch the crisis to the Periphery? Psychohistory didn’t say. 7 Raych Seldon felt extraordinarily contented, for it was the first dinner en famille that he had had in some months with the two people he thought of as his father and mother. He knew perfectly well that they were not his parents in any biological sense, but it didn’t matter. He merely smiled at them with complete love. The surroundings were not as warm as they had been at Streeling in the old days, when their home had been small and intimate, a virtual gem in the larger setting of the University. Now, unfortunately, nothing could hide the grandeur of the First Minister’s Palace suite. Raych sometimes stared at himself in the mirror and wondered how it could be. He was not tall, only 163 centimeters in height, distinctly shorter than either parent. He was rather stocky but muscular-and not fat, with black hair and the distinctive Dahlite mustache that he kept as dark and as thick as possible. In the mirror he could still see the street urchin he had once been before the chanciest of great chances had dictated his meeting with Hari and Dors. Seldon had been much younger then and his appearance now made it plain that Raych himself was almost as old now as Seldon had been when they met. Amazingly, Dors had hardly changed at all. She was as sleek and fit as the day Raych had first showed Hari and Dors the way to Mother Rittah’s in Billibotton. And he, Raych, born to poverty and misery, was now a member of the civil service, a small cog in the Ministry of Population. Seldon said, â€Å"How are things going at the Ministry, Raych? Any progress?† â€Å"Some, Dad. The laws are passed. The court decisions are made. Speeches are pronounced. Still, it’s difficult to move people. You can preach brotherhood all you want, but no one feels like a brother. What gets me is that the Dahlites are as bad as any of the others. They want to be treated as equals, they say, and so they do, but, given a chance, they have no desire to treat others as equals.† Dors said, â€Å"It’s all but impossible to change people’s minds and hearts, Raych. It’s enough to try and perhaps eliminate the worst of the injustices.† â€Å"The trouble is,† said Seldon, â€Å"that through most of history, no one’s been working on this problem. Human beings have been allowed to fester in the delightful game of I’m-better-than-you and cleaning up that mess isn’t easy. If we allow things to follow their own bent and grow worse for a thousand years, we can’t complain if it takes, say, a hundred years to work an improvement.† â€Å"Sometimes, Dad,† said Raych, â€Å"I think you gave me this job to punish me.† Seldon’s eyebrows raised. â€Å"What motivation could I have had to punish you?† â€Å"For feeling attracted to Joranum’s program of sector equality and for greater popular representation in government.† â€Å"I don’t blame you for that. These are attractive suggestions, but you know that Joranum and his gang were using it only as a device to gain power. Afterward-â€Å" â€Å"But you had me entrap him, despite my attraction to his views.† Seldon said, â€Å"it wasn’t easy for me to ask you to do that.† â€Å"And now you keep me working at the implementation of Joranum’s program, just to show me how hard the task is in reality.† Seldon said to Dors, â€Å"How do you like that, Dors? The boy attributes to me a kind of sneaky underhandedness that simply isn’t part of my character.† â€Å"Surely,† said Dors with the ghost of a smile playing at her lips, â€Å"you are attributing no such thing to your father.† â€Å"Not really. In the ordinary course of life, there’s no one straighter than you, Dad. But if you have to, you know you can stack the cards. Isn’t that what you hope to do with psychohistory?† Seldon said sadly, â€Å"So far, I’ve done very little with psychohistory.† â€Å"Too bad. I keep thinking that there is some sort of psychohistorical solution to the problem of human bigotry.† â€Å"Maybe there is, but, if so, I haven’t found it.† When dinner was over, Seldon said, â€Å"You and I, Raych, are going to have a little talk now.† â€Å"Indeed?† said Dors. â€Å"I take it I’m not invited.† â€Å"Ministerial business, Dors.† â€Å"Ministerial nonsense, Hari. You’re going to ask the poor boy to do something I wouldn’t want him to do.† Seldon said firmly, â€Å"I’m certainly not going to ask him to do anything he doesn’t want to do.† Raych said, â€Å"It’s all right, Mom. Let Dad and me have our talk. I promise I’ll tell you all about it afterward.† Dors’s eyes rolled upward. â€Å"You two will plead ‘state secrets.’ I know â€Å"As a matter of fact,† said Seldon firmly, â€Å"that’s exactly what I must discuss. And of the first magnitude. I’m serious, Dors.† Dors rose, her lips tightening. She left the room with one final injunction. â€Å"Don’t throw the boy to the wolves, Hari.† And after she was gone, Seldon said quietly, â€Å"I’m afraid that throwing you to the wolves is exactly what I’ll have to do, Raych.† 8 They faced each other in Seldon’s private office, his â€Å"thinking place,† as he called it. There, he had spent uncounted hours trying to think his way past and through the complexities of Imperial and Trantorian government. He said, â€Å"Have you read much about the recent breakdowns we’ve been having in planetary services, Raych?† â€Å"Yes,† said Raych, â€Å"but you know, Dad, we’ve got an old planet here. What we gotta do is get everyone off it, dig the whole thing up, replace everything, add the latest computerizations, and then bring everyone back-or at least half of everyone. Trantor would be much better off with only twenty billion people.† â€Å"Which twenty billion?† asked Seldon smiling. â€Å"I wish I knew,† said Raych darkly. â€Å"The trouble is, we can’t redo the planet, so we just gotta keep patching.† â€Å"I’m afraid so, Raych, but there are some peculiar things about it. Now I want you to check me out. I have some thoughts about this.† He brought a small sphere out of his pocket. â€Å"What’s that?† asked Raych. â€Å"It’s a map of Trantor, carefully programmed. Do me a favor, Raych, and clear off this tabletop.† Seldon placed the sphere more or less in the middle of the table and placed his hand on a keypad in the arm of his desk chair. He used his thumb to close a contact and the light in the room went out while the tabletop glowed with a soft ivory light that seemed about a centimeter deep. The sphere had flattened and expanded to the edges of the table. The light slowly darkened in spots and took on a pattern. After some thirty seconds, Raych said in surprise, â€Å"It is a map of Trantor.† â€Å"Of course. I told you it was. You can’t buy anything like this at a sector mall, though. This is one of those gadgets the armed forces play with. It could present Trantor as a sphere, but a planar projection would more clearly show what I want to show.† â€Å"And what is it you want to show, Dad?† â€Å"Well, in the last year or two, there have been breakdowns. As you say, it’s an old planet and we’ve got to expect breakdowns, but they’ve been coming more frequently and they would seem, almost uniformly, to be the result of human error.† â€Å"Isn’t that reasonable?† â€Å"Yes, of course. Within limits. This is true, even where earthquakes are involved.† â€Å"Earthquakes? On Trantor?† â€Å"I admit Trantor is a fairly nonseismic planet-and a good thing, too, because enclosing a world in a dome when the world is going to shake itself badly several times a year and smash a section of that dome would be highly impractical. Your mother says that one of the reasons Trantor, rather than some other world, became the Imperial capital is that it was geologically moribund-that’s her unflattering expression. Still, it might be moribund, but it’s not dead. There are occasional minor earthquakes-three of them in the last two years.† â€Å"I wasn’t aware of that, Dad.† â€Å"Hardly anyone is. The dome isn’t a single object. It exists in hundreds of sections, each one of which can be lifted and set ajar to relieve tensions and compressions in case of an earthquake. Since an earthquake, when one does occur, lasts for only ten seconds to a minute, the opening endures only briefly. It comes and goes so rapidly that the Trantorians beneath are not even aware of it. They are much more aware of a mild tremor and a faint rattling of crockery than of the opening and closing of the dome overhead and the slight intrusion of the outside weather-whatever it is.† â€Å"That’s good, isn’t it?† â€Å"It should be. It’s computerized, of course. The onset of an earthquake anywhere sets off the key controls for the opening and closing of that section of the dome so that it opens just before the vibration becomes strong enough to do damage.† â€Å"Still good.† â€Å"But in the case of the three minor earthquakes over the last two years, the dome controls failed in each case. The dome never opened and, in each case, repairs were required. It took some time, it took some money, and the weather controls were less than optimum for a considerable period of time. Now, what, Raych, are the chances that the equipment would have failed in all three cases?† â€Å"Not high?† â€Å"Not high at all. Less than one in a hundred. One can suppose that someone had gimmicked the controls in advance of an earthquake. Now, about once a century, we have a magma leak, which is far more difficult to control-and I’d hate to think of the results if it went unnoticed until it was too late. Fortunately that hasn’t happened and isn’t likely to, but consider-Here on this map you will find the location of the breakdowns that have plagued us over the past two years and that seem to be attributable to human error, though we haven’t once been able to tell to whom each might be attributed.† â€Å"That’s because everyone is busy protecting his back.† â€Å"I’m afraid you’re right. That’s a characteristic of any bureaucracy and Trantor’s is the largest in history. But what do you think of the locations?† The map had lit up with bright little red markings that looked like small pustules covering the land surface of Trantor. â€Å"Well,† said Raych cautiously, â€Å"they seem to be evenly spread.† â€Å"Exactly-and that’s what’s interesting. One would expect that the older sections of Trantor, the longest-domed sections, would have the most decayed infrastructure and would be more liable to events requiring quick human decision and laying the groundwork for possible human error. I’ll superimpose the older sections of Trantor on the map in a bluish color and you’ll notice that the breakdowns don’t seem to be taking place any oftener on the blue areas.† â€Å"And?† â€Å"And what I think it means, Raych, is that the breakdowns are not of natural origin but are deliberately caused and spread out in this fashion to affect as many people as possible, thus creating a dissatisfaction that is as widespread as possible.† â€Å"It don’t seem likely.† â€Å"No? Then let’s look at the breakdowns as spread through time rather than through space.† The blue areas and the red spots disappeared and, for a time, the map of Trantor was blank-and then the markings began to appear and disappear one at a time, here and there. â€Å"Notice,† said Seldon, â€Å"that they don’t appear in clumps in time, either. One appears, then another, then another, and so on, almost like the steady ticking of a metronome.† â€Å"Do ya think that’s on purpose, too?† â€Å"It must be. Whoever is bringing this about wants to cause as much disruption with as little effort as possible, so there’s no use doing two at once, where one will partially cancel the other in the news and in the public consciousness. Each incident must stand out in full irritation.† The map went out and the lights went on. Seldon returned the sphere, shrunken back to its original size, to his pocket. Raych said, â€Å"Who would be doing all this?† Seldon said thoughtfully, â€Å"A few days ago I received a report of a murder in Wye Sector.† â€Å"That’s not unusual,† said Raych. â€Å"Even though Wye isn’t one of your really lawless sectors, there must be lots of murders there every day.† â€Å"Hundreds,† said Seldon, shaking his head. â€Å"We’ve had bad days when the number of deaths by violence on Trantor as a whole approaches the million-a-day mark. Generally there’s not much chance of finding every culprit, every murderer. The dead just enter the books as statistics. This one, however, was unusual. The man had been knifed-but unskillfully. He was still alive when found, just barely. He had time to gasp out one word before he died and that word was ‘Chief.’ â€Å"That roused a certain curiosity and he was actually identified. He works in Anemoria and we don’t know what he was doing in Wye. But some worthy officer managed to dig up the fact that he was an old Joranumite. His name was Kaspal Kaspalov and he is well known to have been one of the intimates of Laskin Joranum. And now he’s deadknifed.† Raych frowned. â€Å"Do you suspect another Joranumite Conspiracy, Dad? There aren’t any Joranumites around anymore.† â€Å"It wasn’t long ago that your mother asked me if I thought that the Joranumites were still active and I told her that any odd belief always retained a certain cadre, sometimes for centuries. They’re usually not very important, just splinter groups that simply don’t count. Still, what if the Joranumites have kept up an organization, what if they have retained a certain strength, what if they are capable of killing someone they consider a traitor in their ranks, and what if they are producing these breakdowns as a preliminary to seizing control?† â€Å"That’s an awful lot of ‘what if ‘s,’ Dad.† â€Å"I know that. And I might be totally wrong. The murder happened in Wye and, as it so happens, there have been no infrastructure breakdowns in Wye.† â€Å"What does that prove?† â€Å"It might prove that the center of the conspiracy is in Wye and that the conspirators don’t want to make themselves uncomfortable, only the rest of Trantor. It also might mean that it’s not the Joranumites at all but members of the old Wyan family who still dream of ruling the Empire once again.† â€Å"Oh boy, Dad. You’re building all this on very little.† â€Å"I know. Now suppose it is another Joranumite Conspiracy. Joranum had, as his right-hand man, Gambol Deen Namarti. We have no record of Namarti’s death, no record of his having left Trantor, no record of his life over the last decade or so. That’s not terribly surprising. After all, it’s easy to lose one person among forty billion. There was a time in my life when I tried to do just that. Of course, Namarti may be dead. That would be the easiest explanation, but he may not be.† â€Å"What do we do about it?† Seldon sighed. â€Å"The logical thing would be to turn to the security establishment, but I can’t. I don’t have Demerzel’s presence. He could cow people; I can’t. He had a powerful personality; I’m just a-mathematician. I shouldn’t be First Minister at all; I’m not cut out for it. And I wouldn’t be-if the Emperor weren’t fixated on psychohistory to a far greater extent than it deserves.† â€Å"You’re kinda whipping yourself, ain’t you, Dad?† â€Å"Yes. I suppose I am, but I have a picture of myself going to the security establishment, for instance, with what I have just shown you on the map†-he pointed to the now-empty tabletop-â€Å"and arguing that we were in great danger of some conspiracy of unknown consequence and nature. They would listen solemnly and, after I had left, they would laugh among themselves about ‘the crazy mathematician’-and then do nothing.† â€Å"Then what do we do about it?† said Raych, returning to the point. â€Å"It’s what you will do about it, Raych. I need more evidence and I want you to find it for me. I would send your mother, but she won’t leave me under any circumstances. I myself can’t leave the Palace grounds at this time. Next to Dors and myself, I trust you. More than Dors and myself, in fact. You’re still quite young, you’re strong, you’re a better Heliconian Twister than I ever was, and you’re smart. â€Å"Mind you, now, I don’t want you to risk your life. No heroism, no derring-do. I couldn’t face your mother if anything happened to you. Just find out what you can. Perhaps you’ll find that Namarti is alive and operating-or dead. Perhaps you’ll find out that the Joranumites are an active group-or moribund. Perhaps you’ll find out that the Wyan ruling family is active-or not. Any of that would be interesting-but not vital. What I want you to find out is whether the infrastructure breakdowns are of human manufacture, as I think they are, and, far more important still, if they are deliberately caused, what else the conspirators plan to do. It seems to me they must have plans for some major coup and, if so, I must know what that will be.† Raych said cautiously, â€Å"Do you have some kinda plan to get me started?† â€Å"Yes indeed, Raych. I want you to go down to the area of Wye where Kaspalov was killed. Find out if you can if he was an active Joranumite and see if you can’t join a Joranumite cell yourself.† â€Å"Maybe that’s possible. I can always pretend to be an old Joranumite. It’s true that I was pretty young when Jo-Jo was sounding off, but I was very impressed by his ideas. It’s even sorta true.† â€Å"Well yes, but there’s one important catch. You might be recognized. After all, you’re the son of the First Minister. You have appeared on holovision now and then and you have been interviewed concerning your views on sector equality.† â€Å"Sure, but-â€Å" â€Å"No buts, Raych. You’ll wear elevated shoes to add three centimeters to your height and we’ll have someone show you how to change the shape of your eyebrows and make your face fuller and change the timbre of your voice.† Raych shrugged. â€Å"A lotta trouble for nothing.† â€Å"And,† said Seldon with a distinct quaver, â€Å"you will shave off your mustache.† Raych’s eyes widened and for a moment he sat there in appalled silence. Finally he said in a hoarse whisper, â€Å"Shave my mustache?† â€Å"Clean as a whistle. No one would recognize you without it.† â€Å"But it can’t be done. Like cutting off your-Like castration.† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"It’s just a cultural curiosity. Yugo Amaryl is as Dahlite as you are and he wears no mustache.† â€Å"Yugo is a nut. I don’t think he’s alive at all, except for his mathematics.† â€Å"He’s a great mathematician and the absence of a mustache does not alter that fact. Besides, it’s not castration. Your mustache will grow back in two weeks.† â€Å"Two weeks! It’ll take two years to reach this-this-â€Å" He put his hand up, as though to cover and protect it. Seldon said inexorably, â€Å"Raych, you have to do it. It’s a sacrifice you must make. If you act as my spy with your mustache, you may-come to harm. I can’t take that chance.† â€Å"I’d rather die,† said Raych violently. â€Å"Don’t be melodramatic,† said Seldon severely. â€Å"You would not rather die and this is something you must do. However†-and here he hesitated-â€Å"don’t say anything about it to your mother. I will take care of that.† Raych stared at his father in frustration and then said in a low and despairing tone, â€Å"All right, Dad.† Seldon said, â€Å"I will get someone to supervise your disguise and then you will go to Wye by air-jet. Buck up, Raych, it’s not the end of the world.† Raych smiled wanly and Seldon watched him leave, a deeply troubled look on his face. A mustache could easily be regrown, but a son could not. Seldon knew perfectly well that he was sending Raych into danger. How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 10, Essay examples

I Tell My Fate What to Do free essay sample

â€Å"I am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul.† When I first stumbled upon this quote by William Ernest Henley, it seemed as if, ironically, some higher power had guided me to it. Regardless of how or from whom it came to me, it did so when I needed it most. The few seconds it took me to read a simple line completely revamped a lifetime’s worth of seemingly unbreakable apathy. The majority of my life had been a tremulous and precarious one. It reflected my family, which was split into fragments, which were then flung to different corners of the earth. However, despite our lack of physical unity, I believed in my mind that our familial bonds were our strongest point, our core. The rest of the unit had different plans in mind. In one night, my haloes of naivety and security had been throttled by clouds of shock and anguish. We will write a custom essay sample on I Tell My Fate What to Do or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus was my mental and emotional plight as I entered high school. As time passed, my emotions simmered to a mixture of constant depression and resentment. The first two years slithered by in an ungodly blur of fleeting, evanescent escapes. It was in my junior year, as I braced myself for another eternity of depression, that my father sent me a Korean novel containing William E. Henley’s quote. I was dumbfounded. How could I have known that I would find solace in a few scraps of paper and ink, when I had so desperately searched in countless complex drugs, pains, and distorted pleasures? Yet it was also different from the other releases. Instead of fading away, the ink burned brighter into the retinas of my heart. â€Å"I am the master of my own fate.† The words struck deep gongs in my soul. And just like that, I shook the strings off my back, picked them up in my hands, and assumed the role of puppeteer. â€Å"I am the captain of my soul.† The words tapped tinkling chimes in my mind. And just like that, I was shouting orders to my seafaring crew, telling them we were headed back home. I resolved to boldly come forward and grapple with the world, instead of letting my situation consume me in bitter lassitude. I had regained my equilibrium. The change was slow but unwavering. I pulled my grades past the dangerous depths of failure, past C level, and up into the lofty regions of A’s and B’s. I remembered that I still had friends, and that they had not abandoned me, but were waiting for me. And cautiously, tentatively, I started to love once more. I was not yet a complete convert, but I wasn’t the former withered husk that happened to have a human shape, either. Henley’s quote came to me during my darkest hour. Though it was but a tiny island of light in the midst of a turbulent sea of despair, it gave me a foothold from which I could see the shore. During those trials of hardship, if I had left nature to its own devices, I would have inevitably slipped and drowned. But nothing gives me more satisfaction than the knowledge that I had taken my life into my hands, and swam to safety.

Hip hop free essay sample

One of Meek Mills song states, Cause if was worried about something, all youll innings getting murdered about something, straight p. That line is to let people know that if he had someone who he thought is better than him, he would get them murdered. Teenagers who listen to those types of lyrics will eventually think the same and act upon those words. Furthermore, Rappers use vulgarity and profanity to carry their point across to the public. Rap songs with lyrics of this kind may influence a teenagers mind to say the type of things that the songs message is sending. For example, most songs use the words Amiga, and pitch continuously. Therefore, the person listening to the song may think it is normal to refer to heir male friends as Amiga, and to their female friends as pitch. It is disrespectful to call others those words, but in a teenagers mind, that type of name calling is common. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rap music shapes our society language, which affects how teenagers communicate with each other creating disrespect with words that mean much more to a person.Moreover, The rap culture has implemented a type of attitude that makes teenagers think that males are superior to women. An example to this is Anti No Fun, a rap song written by Snoop Dog, a famous rapper who began his rapping career in the early sasss. This song makes male listeners feel that women are unimportant. It also makes teenagers think that the rapper is superior to women, and that he can have all the women he wants. Mint No Fun says things like, l know the pussys mine, so Im going to buck a couple more times, and then Im through with it.Theres nothing else to do with it, pass it to the homey, now you hit it, cause she anti nothing but a pitch to me, and you know the pitches anti sit to me Youll never be my only one, trick ass pitch. The underlying messages represent acts of perception which may lead teens to act carelessly towards omen. In this case, these rap lyrics affect male teenagers the most because the lyrics allow them to grow up thinking that females are trashy and worthless. This is a problem because it encourages disrespect and foul language.On the other hand, almost all of the songs that are popular nowadays reference drugs and alcohol. Rappers think that the only way to sell their records is by promoting negative values. The majority of songs dedicate their minutes to getting high and drunk. A rap song with lyrics about drugs and alcohol influences a teenager to try those things. Teenagers should to be drinking and smoking, especially not because the songs they listen to are telling them to do so. Teens that are exposed to drugs and alcohol at a young age are most likely to go to jail and to commit dangerous offenses.In addition, todays teenagers are tomorrows future. Todays generation is going to be depended on in the upcoming years to take over important jobs and professions. Modern rap is interfering with the way that teens are supposed to act. Physically, all rappers look the same. They use saggy clothes, have tattoos, piercing, and braids. Teenagers think that it is cool to copy from the hysterical appearance Of rappers, but if they use rappers as a model of what they should look like, people Will never take them seriously. Teenagers occasionally do not think twice about the way they present themselves physically, which may allow them to never find a good job in the future. Also, way rappers write their lyrics is also becoming an issue. The way lyrics are written is improper. A large amount of rap uses words that are not existent. Rappers tend to misspell and change words. For example, instead of spelling trying, they spell, and pronounce the word as ternary. This might confuse a teenager with how to write and speak. It will make it difficult for teenagers to write and speak because they will start expressing themselves the way their favorite rapper does. This is a problem because teenagers who are exposed to those types of lyrics would start spelling and speaking incorrectly which will make peers, teachers, or even parents not take them seriously. In the article How Hip-Hop Holds Blacks Back, the author, John H. Micrometer says, Many fans, rappers, producers, and intellectuals defend raps violence, both real ND imagined, and its misogyny as a revolutionary cry of frustration from disemboweled youth. The rap culture has influenced teens to change the way they think and act. Years ago when rap became popular, rap was a way for people to speak freely about social and personal issues. By doing so, rappers engaged people, to become concerned and aware Of these issues. Today, the rap culture has changed completely. Rap has become a part of most tens everyday lives, and they grow up thinking that life is based on the bad influence brought on by rap lyrics. The rap culture is still growing and it is coming more popular than ever. Hip Hop free essay sample Hip-hop reflects the truth, and the problem Is that help;hop exposes a lot of the negative truth that society tries to conceal. Its a platform where we could offer information, but its also an escape. - Busts Rhymes (Hip Hop Quotes) Hip hop does contain a largely negative influence into the American society by black men getting into violence, assaulting black women physically and concerning about their education, their employment and their Incarceration. The hip hop music Influence young black men to get into violence with other black men, in order, to show who is ore masculine than the other one.Also, they rap songs that they come up with on the spot and have competition against one another. In the documentary by Byron Hurt, Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes, Byron Hurt shows us a bunch of young Black men rapping about violence and have a small competition between them. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Hurt asked them why they only rap about violence, they answered, because people are only interested in violence, such as guns and weapons, but not, about their dally lives, their love life and other good things. Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes) The hip hop music also influences young black men to kill each other and have a beef between them, to show who the boss here Is. Long time ago, when the famous rapper, Tuba, was alive, he had a beef with the Notorious 8,1. G. They both were quite close, but one day, when Tuba got shot at a New York recording studio, the Notorious B. I. G. And P. Tidy were present there. (Rappelling) Tuba had suspicious on the Notorious B. I. G. And then, they started their beef.He thought that Biggie planned to kill him in order to eliminate him and claimed to be the most ammos rappers In the United States. Tuba tried all his best to destroy the Notorious B. L. G. s career, but Biggie was silence the whole time in this beef. (Rappelling) In the documentary of Byron Hurts, he says that the homicide Is the leading cause of death for Black men aged of 15-34 and 49% of gunshot victims in the United States are Black men aged of 15-24. Also, he says that Black men are 14 times more likely to be victims of homicide than any other races. Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes) What is actually causing this is the hip hop music itself, as it is influencing young lack men these days to get more physically violent to other black men and It leads to deaths and very bad consequences. Hip hop makes rappers to assault black women physically. In the documentary of Byron Hurts, he says that Black women are 35% more likely than white women to be physically assaulted. (HIP Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes) This shows that black women are likely to get assaulted no matter what artists rap about hip hop. They call them the sisters and the pitches or the hoes.Also, he says that There is a real desensitizing to the objectification of women in hip hop. Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes) Black men dont treat the black women properly and they look at them as are not equal as them. All rappers are being sexist towards black women. In their music videos, they show inappropriate body parts of black women and they dont even care about it. In Iatric Roses book called The Hip Hop Wars, she says that Because street culture and the exploitative culture on which it is based have become 1 OFF women parrot the sexist ideas that are so widely circulated in hip hop; its a key to belonging.For many young black women, the language of commercial hip hop about black sexuality has influenced their understanding of black women, not Just reflected it. (The Hip Hop Wars) Rose explains that black women understand who they are, but they are still being sexually harassed by black men that they cannot do about. As of this day, black women are still being harassed sexually by black men and there is nothing that they can do about. Most black people are concern about their education, their employment and their incarceration, because of hip hop.People are objected to legalized discrimination in matters of the ability to vote, education, housing, employment, public benefits and Jury services. In the documentary of Byron Hurts, he says that African-Americans have borne the brunt of this war. From 1985-1991, the number of white drug offenders in state prisons increased by 110%; the number of black drug offenders grew by 465%. The average time served by African-Americans for drug crimes grew by 62% between 1994 and 2003, while white drug offenders served 17% more time. Though 14% of monthly drug users are black, slough equal to their proportion of the general population, they are arrested and imprisoned at vastly disproportionate rates: 37% drug offenses. Blacks serve almost as much time in prison for drug offenses (average of 58. 7 months) as whites do for violent crimes (average of 61. 7 months). (Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes) The Americans accept a Justice system in which one out of every three black men born will definitely expect to spend time in Jail during his life. The US pays more money to prisons than to any state universities. They pay a minimum of $20,000 per year. The cost of prison has risen at six times the rate of spending on higher education. Most people in Jail in the US are Black people and Latino people. All of them are concern about their education, housing and other important things to live, but imprisoning for doing a small crime or because of your skin color is not right, but racist. In conclusion, hip hop does give and contain negativity to the society by showing who is the superior men in the competition, assaulting black women and demean them onto their music videos and imprisoning black people for doing a small crime and make big a racist deal of it. Hip Hop free essay sample They say they never really miss you till you dead or you gone So on that note Im leaving after the song. A wise MS by the name of Shawn Corey Carter told me this as his Black Album gave me identical eclectic vibes I felt listening to the likes of Disable Planets, Big L, Big Daddy Kane, Big Pun, Common, Moms Deaf and others artists born of The Renaissance.I have come to inform you all of this renaissance known as hip- hop, a renaissance that will never cease breathing until the last listeners foot is knishes tapping to the rhythm and rhyme scheme of their favorite record. Hip-Hop, a genre of stylized rhythmic music that Is used to accompany a rhythmic form of speech that would go on to become rap. Many have tried unsuccessfully to pinpoint the location of the birth of this Renaissance by saying that this is a West-coast, Midwest, and even a down South born style of music. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, I prefer to take you back to the sasss on 1520 Sedgwick Street in the Bronx, the home of Jamaican DC Cool Here who is arguably considered the father of hip hop, if not one of the many. See Cool Heres style of deejays at house parties was that he would recite rhymes over what would In later time garner the title an Instrumental. He would use a plethora of in house reference when dropping said rhymes on the microphone not knowing this would spawn a movement that would travel through the streets of Brooklyn and be spread by various other party Dos as well such as Coke La Rock. Spoken- word and music by early founding fathers such as Gill Scott- Heron, Gala Mansard, and The Last Poets (one of whom I know personally) helped this movement come Into fruition cause of the simple fact that their lyrics were based on post- call rights era life In the urban community. Oh yes the movement was real. Not only because everyone could relate but because it came via a rhythmic delivery that captured the mind and imagination of the people of that time.In creating this movement, they led us into a new era of Hip-Hop in which The Sugarbird Gang recorded the first record of the genre in 1979 titled Rappers Delight. There were many others who allegedly stated their claim as being the flirt, but couldnt contend with Sugarplum Gang because Rappers Delight made the Billboard Top 100. Its Like Rosa Parks. We all know she wasnt the first to not give up her seat, but why argue if it led to a positive result in the grand scheme of things. By the asss, Hip-Hop had spread to every major city in the United States, but Philadelphia was the only city that could come close to drawing comparison to New Works contributions to Hip-Hop after Philly artist Cook Henderson released his record Rhythm Talk Since I have told you the history of the Renaissance known as HIP-HOP, lets bring Now lets talk about present day artists that epitomize the rhythmic, eclectic and dynamic styles. We talk about Jay-Z, Kenya West, Drake, Meek Mill, Big Sean, Mine, Common, Moms Deaf, and so on.I prefer to talk about Black Thoughts team, The Roots. This Hip-Hop group has transcended the Hip-Hop genre since the came on to the scene in the City of Brotherly Love in 1987. Black Thought and ? Strove both attended the Philadelphia High School for Creative and Performing Arts where ? Strove would be the drum kit at talent shows while Black Thought laced the recursions with lyrics that would make The Last Poets, Gill Scott-Heron, and especially DC Cool Here proud of the fact that the roots of Hip-Hop have not been forgotten.Ironic how they would become known as The Roots in the process of their formation. They barely missed the Top 100 when they dropped their first major label album titled Do You Want More?!!!! in January 1995. What made this so significant is that they used no prerecorded instruments, kicks, or sounds. Every bit of their sound was original. This to me is why they epitomize what Hip-Hop because they are s original in the 21st century as they were in the asss when they made their debut.Another artist I will mention is 23 year old Compton emcee Kindlier Lamar who Just released his debut album good kid, m. A. A. D city. I believe it is the album of the year, but thats a persuasive speech for another day. With this one album alone Kindlier shows veterans in the game how to perfectly arrange an album and turn it into a masterpiece that reaches every generation and demographic. In closing I will say that what started as a Renaissance has become commercialese. Do I feel that there s hope that we will one day as artists go back to our roots like The Roots and Kindlier Lamar?Yes, but it will be a strenuous process. The Renaissance is in good hands with artists like Kindlier Lamar making classics with one debut. Not to mention myself. I try to bring a new feel myself to the game as well. Hip-Hop, The Renaissance is taking a step into the next generation. I will leave you Hip-Hop fans with this question: Will you take that next step with me. Outline -Introduction -History of Hip-Hop -Prime examples of authentic Hip-Hop -Is The Renaissance in good hands? -Conclusion Hip Hop free essay sample A Joe For many people hip-hop is synonymous with rap music, but Id say it refers to a whole subculture that emerged with rap in the united States especially New York in the late sass and has since become truly international. Rapping (or Mincing) and Digging are the two main components of hip-hop music. Maybe you could describe rap as a form of expression that is somewhere between speech, poetry and song. Other parts of hip-hop culture are specific styles of dancing, clothing and graffiti art, and even a specific form of English slang.Hip-hop originally came out of African-American communities in New York, and I think its true to say that in countries such as the US and Britain it is still quite closely connected with the young black population, though of course there are hip-hop fans from every background, and indeed some famous non-black rappers such as Mine. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first time a piece of rap music entered the US charts was In October 1979. 28 years later Its one of the biggest-selling popular music genres In the world, even though Its been going through a bit of a decline recently.Rappers such as 50 Cent, Snoop Dog, Kenya West, Jay-Z and Mine have fans all around the world, and earn many millions of dollars a year. In many countries youll find magazines and radio shows devoted to hip-hop, and anyone who has ever spent few hours watching MET will know that it also has a high profile there. Mike I think hip-hop is the most overrated musical genre, and that gangs rap is probably Its worst subcategory. All those guys boasting about their guns, their cars and their wealth, and talking about women as If there nothing more than objects its not exactly a positive message, is it?A lot of their so-called music clearly glossaries violence, so Im amazed that its even allowed to get on the radio. Rob Anyone taking a look at my CD collection or the trac ks on my MPH player would see that I love hip-hop. Its a musical style that attracts frequent criticism and generalizations, mostly from people who know very little about It. Im sick of hearing people go on about gangs rap as If thats all there Is. Hip-hop Is diverse, and there are a lot of hip-hop rusts with Intelligent things to say about race, class and other social issues.But then again, why should hip-hop have any message at all? Do people demand that other forms of pop music to always have a positive message? I dont think so. This page has been downloaded from vim. Loneliest. Net. It Is photocells, but all copies must be complete pages. Copyright (O Macmillan Publishers Limited 2007. WORKSHEET B A Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (FL or If the text doesnt say (D). 1. Joe thinks rapping Is not really part of hip-hop culture 2. Joe thinks gangs rap is the only kind of hip-hop music. 4. Rob thinks people often generalist about hip-hop. 5. Joe thinks Mine is probably the most famous rapper in the world. 6. Joe thinks there should be more hip-hop on MET. B Can you find the words or expressions in the text that mean the opposite of the following? 1 . Underrated 2. Loosely 3. Praise 4. Poverty 5. Not surprised 6. Homogeneous C Below are some excerpts from the text, but not all of them have been copied correctly. Can you identify which of them now contain mistakes, and then make the necessary corrections? 1 . Do people demand that other forms of pop music to have a positive usage? . A lot of their called music clearly glossaries violence 3. Hip-hop originally came out of African-American communities in New York 4. Its not exactly positive message, is it? 5. There are a lot of hip-hop artists with intelligent things to say 6. For many people hip-hop is synonymous with rap music This page has been downloaded from www. Insidious. Net. It is photocopied, but all copies must be complete pages. Copyright Macmillan Publishers Limited 2007. WORKSHEET C Student A Your partner is going to describe the words that are missing from the rosewood below. Hip Hop free essay sample Hip-hop music is known as one of the most popularizing and popular genres in our modern society. Most of hip-hop music is considered vulgar, offensive, and meaningless, which can be easily displayed by hip-hop artists such as Soul]a Boy and Oil Wayne. However, who gets lost in translation is the artist who conveys true meaning in their lyrics and sticks with the original roots of the music. For hip-hops short life, there has been dramatic change in the structure and culture of the music.Most of the well-revered artists of their time Like to claim that the music has lost Its absence. I have a concurring belief in that if hip-hop wants to rid of its negative stereotype, it should emphasize its roots more often. Two of hip-hops most respected authors, Bill Brewster and Frank Brought, agree with this belief by stating, hip hop today thrives on a sense of its own past (Williams 133). We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order to clarify my belief on this subject, I want to explain hip-hops Orleans and Its positive Impact on our society when it follows its roots. Hip-hop music had very humble beginnings in the city of Bronx, New York. In an area where arson, government neglect, and violence ran rampant, the poor youth added to find a safe place from this madness (Change 59). Through this, they found the culture of hip-hop. Young kids in the area would pass time by rapping in a Jamaican reggae style over the beats of funky Afro-Latin beats, dancing to wild percussive beats, and spray painting (Change 61).These Innocent ways of leisure for the youth were essentially what embodied the original form of hip-hop music _ Shortly after, these elements were put into the mainstream where teenagers threw parties. Not only did hip-hop music become a popular thing for teens to do, but was also a retreat way to vent out anger and energy in a positive way (Change 6). One of the biggest pioneers of the hip-hop genre In the late ass was Africa Bumboat. Bumboat would throw hip-hop based parties in Bronx, which turned out to be instrumental in popularizing the genre (Change 62).These parties often had a collectivist feel, where Des, rappers, and dancers would collaborate to create quality entertainment. This turned out to be a great way to unify communities In this time. The icing on the mainstream cake was when Sugarbird Gang created the first mainstream single, Rappers Delight (Change 63). Looking at the genre of hip-hop, it is clearly one of the most popular around. There is a plethora of styles in hip-hop music now such as club hits to gangster rap. While these styles can often be extremely different, they all have a very wide audience that they pertain to. Hip-hop music has become popular globally as well, so it is quite obvious that the genre has made significant progress in its short time here. Hip-hop music Is extremely diverse and has made significant social Impacts to our society. For one, the music is an excellent verbal way of expression (McLeod 137). There is a plethora of topics that hip-hop artists have rapped about since the advent of the genre. For example, Tuba has written music about respect for his mother, Moms States, and Kenya West raps about the United States obsession with materialism (McLeod 138).These are Just a few of the many positive topics that hip-hop music has explored and will continue to explore. Even in our modern society, where most avid listeners of hip-hop music claim is the worst era, we have rappers such as ASAP Rocky and Mackerel rapping about topics such as consumerism and gay rights (McLeod 138). The other powerful effect that hip-hop music has had on society is the entertainment and aesthetic impact. Hip-hops original elements included Mincing (rapping), Digging, B-Boning (breakfasting), and graffiti (Price Ill 41).Most of these elements are very relevant in our society; new club dances and sampling other music have also been added to give the genre even more versatility. In summary, not only does hip-hop music have significant meaning in social progressivism, but it also adds an exciting entertainment value to our society. Although, to most pundits of hip-hop music, the genre has significantly lost its meaning. I believe it still has retained it meaning, however it has to deliver different messages due to changes in our society.While hip-hop music may have lost some of its roots, there are still plenty of artists who utilize the original elements in the genre (Williams 134). What I hoped to explain in this essay is the origin of hip-hop and how it has made an impact on our society from when it began to now. The contrast between the two is very diverse and has a direct correlation with the changes in society. Overall, I hope this essay helped expand most peoples knowledge about hip- pop music and its importance to our society. Hip Hop free essay sample Phenomenon Barack Obama once stated, The thing about hip-hop today is its smart, its insightful. The way they can communicate a complex message in a very short space is remarkable (Morgan 927). HIP Hop has evolved through the years by the people who participate In It. The message In the lyrics that hip hop artist speak are usually directed to the youth community. Hip Hop is spread throughout the world. Hip Hop was started by the youth and is continuing to strive off the youth.Hip Hop in todays society has broadened worldwide due to its youthful audience and their involvement with its projects. Hip Hop was created so people can be entertained and the artist can tell his or her story. In the article, Introduction: HIP Hop In History: Past, Present, and Future, Derrick Already explains how hip hop was originated from the streets of New York and was introduced to the world by the African American family (190). We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hip Hop contains four basic elements which are: disc Jockeying, break dancing, graffiti art, and rapping (Already 190).The two elements that have gained the most attention are disc jockeying and rapping (Already 191 Piper Scarify explains in his article, A Brief History of HIP Hop that hip hop was first Introduced to New York by way of the Jamaican Immigrants. (wassailing_com)_ Graffiti Art was first used around the sass in the streets of Philadelphia. (www. Scarify. Com). DC Cool Arc created the term D boy to refer to an acrobatic style of breakfasting. (www. Scarify. Com). There were many major icons to start this hip hop movement which included Biggie Smalls (Hess xviii).Biggie Smalls was considered one of the greatest Macs in the history of hip hop music (Hess xviii). These Icons are what made hip hop popular. Christopher Wallace was a much known rapper to help hip hop become successful. Biggie smalls was born In in Brooklyn, New York, on May 21st (Holly veil). Smalls first album was named Ready to die and sold many copies of it (Holly viii). Biggie Smalls created a protection group called Hawks for people he could call family (Holly 4). Biggie smalls rap name was the Notorious B. I. G. ND he was a well- respected rapper by many important people in the Hip Hop world (Holly 39). In the book, Is HIP Hop Dead: The Past, Present, and Future of Americas Most Wanted Music, Mackey Hess explains how lyrics from Biggie present cleaving a career In rap music as a story of hard work and ingenuity (14). Wallace wrote songs about his life and how he made it to success (Hess 14). This artist justifies his wealth, success, and celebrity by presenting his career as a rise from poverty (Hess 24). Biggie is not the only major icon of Hip Hop. There are many people that have contributed to the success of hip hop.The first rap records were Sugar Hill Gangs Rappers Delight (1979) and Curtis Blow Walkers was first achieved by Run DAM (windsurfs. Mom). Hip hop moved, in short, from an event-driven activity to a product-driven one with the release and overwhelming commercial success of Run DAM (Dimidiates 355). Usually young men participate in hip hop (Morgan 926). Hip hop allowed young men who could not get a Job a way to gain income (Morgan 932). Queen Latish was also a major contributor. Latish brought a new sense of positivist to rap and became a role model almost instantly when she started (Hess 218).Commercially and culturally, Latish helped begin a tradition that continues today in the rap world (Hess 226). Hip hop has its participators and audience to thank for its success. Rap music has transformed from not Just music but also to a culture. The hip hop beats created by Dos in the asss actually sparked what is known as hip hop culture Jackson 22). In the article, Hip Hop Culture around the Globe: Implications for Teaching, Brenda Jackson explains how hip hop culture has expanded to urban clothing, expensive Jewelry, cars, speech patterns, mindsets, and movement styles (22).Hip hop culture is now defined by a commercialese lifestyle far from humble singings surrounded the inception of hip hop music Jackson 22). Greg Dimidiates says in Hip Hop to Rap: Some Implications of a Historically Situated Approach to Performance that most people received hip hop culture by way of tapes played on personal stereo systems (355). Hip hop can be described as cultural practice is associated with the production of particular identifications (Morgan 925). Hip has changed from not only being an African American phenomenon to being accepted by many races.Rap expresses the ongoing preoccupation with literacy and oral that has characterized African American communities since the inception of legally coerced illiteracy during slavery (Tyson 408). The rap artist appeals to the rhetorical practices eloquently honed in African American religious experiences and the cultural potency of black/singing/musical traditions to produce an engaging hybrid (Tyson 408). Hip hop can be described as cultural practice that is associated with the production of particular identifications (Morgan 925).Rap music has become by far the most celebrated expression of hip hop culture (Leach 10). A mass population enjoys the genre hip hop. Hip Hop was spread out widely through the world with the help of the youth community. In the article, Aboriginal Youth, Hip Hop and the Politics of Identification, George Morgan explains how Hip Hop makes it ideal for youth to get in touch with their tribal identity, history, and cultural background (928). Most of the time, young men were the ones to participate in hip hop (Morgan 928). Hip Hop allowed young men who could not get a Job a way to gain income (Morgan 932).Hip Hop is not seen only as a musical genre but also it has become a style of dress, dialect of language, a ay of looking at the world, and an aesthetic that reflects the sensibilities that affects a large population of youth (Already 190). Hip Hop has it positives and negatives throughout the youth community. The words hip hop and rap music are very much interchangeable. In the article, Its a Hip Hop World, Jeff Change explains how rap music has always been considered a form of resistance against authority (58). Rap provided Jobs for many UN-employed people (Change 62).Critics often call hip hop materialistic, misogynistic, homophobic, preaching and music (Tyson 408). Rap has retrieved historic black ideas, movement, and figures in combating the racial amnesia that threatens to relegate the achievements of the black past to the ash heap of forgetting (Tyson 408). Rap music has become by far the most celebrated expression of hip hop culture (Leach 10). Rap Music is also one of the easiest genres to market to a mass audience (Leach 10). Hip Hop is a serious business. Hip hop is now the center of mega music and fashion industry around the world. Hip Hop free essay sample Hip Hop: From the street to Wall Street Hip-hop music Is known for being an outlet for African Americans to express themselves, whether It be political criticism, social criticism, Injustice, youth rebellion, oppression or some other social concept. The music has changed form over time, from spirituals sang by slaves to powerful raps about society to meaningless degradation sang by thugs and gangsters. Today, hip-hop music exists in many forms, some of which hold true to the meaningfulness of sass hip-hip from the South Bronx, and others with catchy beats and meaningless lyrics created simply for ash capital.The music coming from the South Bronx in the 1 sass was prophetic. It talked about topics concerning society and its future (Assent 1-23). Modern-day mainstream hip-hop, for the most part, is not prophetic in any sense of the word. But, with that said, one must also remember that main stream hip-hop is not all hip-hop. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mainstream hip-hop has made a transition from the street to Wall Street, losing its identity In the process. In the days of slavery, church was used as a means of keeping spirits up and encouraging day-to-day life.Slaves were not legally allowed to learn how to read or rite, so they had to learn the Bible by listening too preacher and singing bible verses. Spirituals were songs sung by slaves that combined Protestant hymns and African music styles (Arboreal 47). Spirituals held different meanings for different people. Some would speak of freeing oneself of sins while simultaneously relating to being free of slavery; some were even used as tools to escape slavery. Harriet Tubas Wade in the Water is one of the most well-known spirituals.The spiritual was used to warn runaway slaves to abandon the path and move into or near the water to avoid dogs and their keepers (Pathways to Freedom). As time passed, spirituals evolved into a more modern form but served much the same purpose. Freedom songs were revived spirituals sung during the civil rights movement. Many came directly from spirituals with a few words tailored to fit the message of the civil rights movement. For example, the spiritual My Mind Stayed on Jesus became My Mind Stayed on Freedom during the civil rights movement (Sweet Chariot).The undertone of civil rights music was the same spirituals used during African Americans earliest days of oppression. Another example of a spiritual turned redeem song is Keep Your Hand on the Plow to Keep Your Mind on the Prize (Sweet Chariot). These are Just examples of how African American music evolved early on. Hip-hop culture was born from poor black and Latino youth in the South Bronx in the sass. There were four elements to hip-hop culture: rap, Digging, graffiti, and breakfasting. The culture was a way of expression for the poor originators and a way of expressing their economic and social status (Codington). Africa Bumboat, also known as the Grandfather of Hip-Hop, was instrumental In the development of hip-hop culture. He was the first DC and led the first Hip-Hop Tour. As the face of early hip-hop, Bumboat promoted the aspects of hip-hop that Involved unity, spirit and having fun (Mitchell). Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five were a Message. The song opens up with a very powerful first verse: Its like a Jungle sometimes it makes me wonder/How I keep from going under (Grandmaster Flash).Falling in line with most early rap music, the lyrics related to society and what was taking place in the South Bronx during the time the song was written. The chorus follows with Dont push me cause Im close to the edge/lam trying not to lose my head (Grandmaster Flash). The Message reflected upon the general struggles the poor were facing in the South Bronx. A large reason for the songs popularity was the fact that people could relate. People could relate to the ideas of helplessness and struggle perpetuated in the lyrics. The South Bronx was a poverty stricken area in the sass.Denationalization and urban renewal caused a high unemployment rate of 40% and 60-80% among youth. Many were homeless because slumlords would burn down huge apartment buildings in order to collect insurance and the local government decreased social services in the area because it was seen as a hopeless lace. The distrust in social services and large levels of homelessness lead to the uprising of gangs, which appealed largely to young males. Gangs offered protection and family to those who had nothing, as well as shelter, food and a source of income for many.Hip-hop music became an alternative to gang life (Aware). In the late ass and ass, hip-hop took a black power stance and provoked political and historical urgency into the black community. The stronghold on hip-hop culture shifted from the east coast to the west coast, where a situation similar to the South Bronx was occurring in Los Angels. West coast hip-hop was called gangs rap. Gangs rap talked about life in the neighborhoods of Los Angels and started the word hustling (Codington). NNW, also known as Inning With Attitudes, is considered to be one of the pioneering groups of gangs rap. Their crude and explicit lyrics were very controversial, but did not hinder the success of the group. With lyrics like, When Im called off I got a sawed off/Squeeze the trigger and bodies are hauled off (Straight Auto Compton), NNW held true to the idea of criticizing society through hip-hop, though in a much angrier manner. The aforementioned lyrics from their song Straight Auto Compton represent the growing anger of the city youth. Their song Gangs Gangs painted the view of inner city kids; Gangs, gangs, thats what theyre yelling/lets not about salary its all about reality (Gangs Gangs).NNW was brutal, but authentic in the violence in their music. At first sound, the group sounds explicit, but if one pays attention to what it is they are saying, it becomes evident that they describe life in Los Angels during very trying times. In the 21st century, hip-hop has now made a movement to the south. The classic hip-hop is beginning to take a backseat to new hip-hop which is becoming indistinguishable from pop music. Digging is now seen as alternative rap, where music synthesizing has come to the forefront. Hip-hop music has now evolved into an industry that involves unmusical culture such as acting.The music has lost a lot of its lyrical significance and the poetry has become lacking at best. Foreign artists are also starting to emerge on the hip-hop scene. Attitude towards 21st century mainstream hip-hop can most simply be summed up by Nas 2006 Album: Hip Hop is Dead. But, some artists still display hope or lyrical and purposeful hip-hop, such as Kenya West and M. I. A (Light). Oil Wayne exemplifies current main stream hip-hop. His music is constantly heard on the radio to it, such as throw up blood with my hands/my gang pippin insignias smoke that shush and not that reggae (Bill Gates).Another example of the meaninglessness of current mainstream hip-hop music is the group Three Six Mafia. Their lyrics are equally blank, Ghetto pimp type girls say Im the Maine/lace on the wrist with ice in the chain/Riding through the hood, got me gripping the grain/And Im sipping the same while Im changing the lane (Three Six Mafia). But, not all mainstream rap has lost its awareness. Kenya West is a very unique main stream artist who has constantly striver to make his music relevant, especially early on in his career.From his album, Late Registration, comes a track displaying a much different feeling than a Oil Wayne or Three Six Mafia track. Man I promise, shes so self conscious/She has no idea what shes doing in college/That major that she majored in dont make no money/But she wont drop out, her parents will look at her funny, (Kenya West) is an excerpt from All Falls Down by Kenya West. Instead of rapping about money, cars, violence, Kenya APS about topics relevant to society, such as the pressure put on young adults to attend college.The shift in mainstream music from contemporary rap to new school rap began with the movement of hip-hop from the east coast to the west coast. When hip-hop was focused on the west coast with gangs rap, the culture was centered on life about material things and violence. The sass hosted the upcoming of cocaine in Los Angels whic h spurred the accumulation of thousands of dollars in very short periods of time. But, this new rap sold. It also broadened the audience of rap music to suburban whites. With this new audience, artists began to make music that sold and hip-hop became about the money, not the people.Contemporary rap was forced to the underground where it got significantly less exposure. Once the new rap style was in place, no one wanted to risk profits by trying to be different. Innovation came to a standstill. Hip-hop became rapping for money versus rapping for people, contemporary rappers versus gangs rappers. But, in the end, money rules, which was the cause of the shift in mainstream hip-hop (Adkins). Differences between old hip-hop and new hip-hop are extremely obvious. From lyrics, to performances, to the sound itself, old and new hip-hop differ significantly.As talked about previously, older hip-hop was conscious and the lyrics addressed social issues, while new hip- hop consists of meaningless, but catchy lyrics. Todays mainstream artists are talented musicians with the ability to string together rhyming, witty lines, but they carry no real meaning. One of the best current artists when it comes to witty one- liners is Oil Wayne, with lines like get on my level, you cant get on my level, you would need a space shuttle or a ladder thats forever (3 Peat).This well-known line is witty but has no real meaning, unlike this line from Tuba, Id rather die like a man than live like a coward/Theres a Heaven up there and its ours, Black Power (Tuba). Even the sound of hip-hop music has changed. Synthesizers are now used to create beats rather than the Digging that took place during the age of old school hip-hop. Modern mainstream music is the music that sells, the synthesized music that compromises lyrics and depth for a sound that sells without meaning. Todays underground music consists of artists who embody what hip-hop was to begin with.Underground artists usually speak issues facing society today, contrary to mainstream music that is consumed by materialism and violence. Underground listeners. There is plenty of music to be found in the underground, but the artists are not given exposure because they create music because they have something to say, not solely for the purpose of making money. Mainstream music is littered with mindless verses about unpunished violence, sex and the degradation of women, drugs, and money and Jewelry. This is the image painted for black youth by the hip- hop industry.Kids see these rich hip-hop artists with their flashy Jewelry and tattoos, and hear them rap about violence and crime, and it influences them. Music is influential. In the same way it had a positive effect on the South Bronx in the sass, it can have a negative effect on kids today. The prophetic of the hip-hop genre has been on a severe decline since the sass, and is almost extinct today. But, the prophetic voice, today, survives meagerly in the underground. Mainstream hip-hop, for the most part, is no longer prophetic. This hip-hop has become more about the money than the people.There are a few mainstream artists who pursue social issues in their music such as Nas, Lope Fiasco and Kenya West. But, the number of mainstream prophetic artists compared to non-prophetic is miniscule. Underground hip-hop still makes strides towards being prophetic, but with such little exposure, it does not have any real influence. Its lack of exposure is partly the fault of hip-hop listeners who do not venture past what is played on the radio. As well as underground hip-hop artists, there are foreign artists, such as M. I. A. , who are beginning to innovate and reshape hip-hop. Hip Hop free essay sample I associated it with egoistic rappers and gang violence. It was my least favorite music genre because rap artists only rap about their shopping list and other meaningless topics. It came to the point where I asked, What Is Hip Hoop I was so curious that I decided to use It as an English research topic. From that point on, my opinion on Hip Hop changed completely due to the fact that theres more to it. As I researched on what Hip Hop is, I found out that it isnt just a music genre, but a massive culture that originated within the Bronx during the sass.Hip Hop was established to stop gang violence on the foundations of expression, peace, love, unity, and having fun with the addition of having four elements: Graffiti art, DC-ins, breakfasting, and rapping. These four elements, together, acted as positive pastimes to keep kids from becoming involved with gangs by organizing artistic battles on whos the better person. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These Hip Hop battles take place in organized events, promoting a positive and peaceful way to resolve conflict, while also providing a safe, friendly community for urban youth.This surprises me because I never wouldve thought that Hip Hop Is a culture, especially the fact that It started out as a peaceful youth community. While I was researching, Eve decided to look up the various rap artists during the ass. Now the question Is. Is Hip Hop music always about egoistic rappers and gang violence? Of course not. These artists wrote about various meaningful topics unity, social issues, politics, and the search for identity. These are the kinds of songs I would listen to because these are topics that people loud easily relate to, while also providing an insight.Rap artists today always rap about how much money they can wave in their hands, wearing Versa, and clubbing. This made me realize how prejudice I was towards Hip Hop, while also realizing how different Hip Hop music was compared to nowadays. Well, I guess thats what happens when youre solely exposed to mainstream rap. Despite the many positive aspects of HIP Hop, the media chooses to focus on the bad side, without revealing the good side to the world. At Its core, the elements of Hip Hop are forms f art that express a much deeper meaning, not Just because of entertainment.It Is a form of expression that is constantly changing the consciousness and spirit of urban youth that keeps repeating itself through generations. It is the same spirit found in different forms of music, such as Jazz, Reggae, and Blues. It is the same spirit that brings life into a simple idea and transforms it into a living cultural movement. Hip Hop By brokenheartedly is Hip Hop? I was so curious that I decided to use it as an English research topic. Heres more to it. As I researched on what Hip Hop is, I found out that it isnt Just a I never wouldve thought that Hip Hop is a culture, especially the fact that it started the various rap artists during the ass. Now the question is, is Hip Hop music always positive aspects of Hip Hop, the media chooses to focus on the bad side, without revealing the good side to the world. At its core, the elements of Hip Hop are forms of art that express a much deeper meaning, not Just because of entertainment. Hip Hop free essay sample HIP hop which originally started in the South Bronx as a street born cultural movement transformed into much more. There are four types also known as the pillars of hip hop, DC-ins,MS- ins, ( also know as rapping ), break dancing, and graffiti. All of that pretty much faded away with the asss and rap was left to take control. Rap in the sasss was thought to be a force, until MS hammer,Tuba, and Biggie Smalls took over the radio with the voice of ghetto youth.That was merely the beginning of one of the biggest trends In he last decade. Rap has worked Its way Into school dances, Commercials, and even movies. In the early sasss what was known as gangs rap became the predominant sound. The more the artist would rap about guns, money and drugs the more popular would be, and the ones who were listening to this music was usually white, suburban teenagers. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Which begs the question why would white teenagers love this hateful and drug related music?Gangs rap was born In the ghetto and Is about the ghetto and yet white suburban teenagers loved It the most. When everything that s in one of these songs is usually the complete opposite then their own lives. Rap through the decades has changed starting with the sasss when the big rappers were EL Cool J and Vanilla Ice. Then in the sasss rap became much more in many ways, the beats became better, the rappers more talented, and the lyrics much more graphic. In the late sasss Rap was a war, between the East and West coast.Two superstars, Biggie Smalls In 1997 from the East, and Tuba Shaker In 1996 from the west were murdered and all evidence points to the either side being guilty of murder. When talking to most teenagers nowadays they will say that Tuba and Biggie started everything, and its relatively true there is probably 1 in a hundred Americans who dont know who B. I. G or Tuba Is. There is a lot of negative impact due to this new trend of music, It paints a picture of doing drugs, getting high, shooting guns, and breaking the law.To add to that, the people who listen to rap the most Is young white teenagers, who are being Influenced by It. Its understandable that this type of music came from the ghetto, life Is extremely tough for those who live there. There is a lot of gangs and drugs all over he streets, and it is a mentality that is driven into the young kids who live there that the right way to live is to do drugs and break the law. Of course there is always cases where that Is not true but for the majority of people in the ghetto life Is drugs first, money second and trying to survive third.It Isnt pretty and that why the music that comes out of It Is filled with what most peoples lives are In the ghetto. Rap Is the new trend, its our generations music, every generation has had its own music. Whether is Dissocialize, electric, or R. The point is that for the last two decades, rap music has en taking over the music industry, it started off slow in the asss but by the time B. I. G and Tuba died their music was sold out in every store. After their deaths in the late sasss the industry skyrocketed, every artist was trying to fill the enormous shoes that were left to be filled. Loathing of American hip hop fans underwent an evolution from the saggy Jeans of the sass to a more retro type of look. The new look was full of Nikkei Air Jordan, sweatpants, snap back hats, and fur coats for the more ghetto artists. As the sass were underway so was the Www Tang Clan ( from the ass ), Outcast, Method man, and en of the first and best white rappers Mine. Mine changed the rap game, it was the first time that a white rapper had ever made an impact like the big boys from the ass ( B. I. G, Tuba ).Amines style is fast and vulgar but in a way which he told stories, he captivated everyone with his way of rapping. After this every white boy wanted to be a rapper they all wanted to be the next big thing, thats why so many white teenagers listen to rap music. Teenagers are the easiest people to influence because they are trying to find there way/path in life. Its hard to go to school on the us everyday and listen to your friends all rapping in the back of the bus and not want to fit in and do it to.That is how trends start, imagine being back in the asss driving around with your friend and he says hey listen to this sweet song I heard the other day so your listening to it and it has a cool beat that you havent heard before and it catches your attention. Trends start because things catch you or your friends attention and you go tell your other friends, who tell their friends. For example when the most popular kid in school walks in wearing high top sneakers basketball shorts a ann. top and a snap back, two days later 30 kids will have the exact same thing.Everyone is Just trying to fit in with whats new, and whats cool. Now in 2013 you hear a lot more rap once again change into more of a dance/rap music with less focus on violence and more on doing pills and this living life while your young sort of motto. Now with the turn of a new generation comes a new trend of music, style, and once again an influence to do drugs. With every generation comes a different style of rapping that has been taking over not Just America, but the world.